Table 2.
Studies depicting the therapeutic activity of chamomile in various diseases.
| Formulation | Activity | Disease | Study | Inference | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydroalcoholic extract | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | Pulmonary fibrosis | Invitro | Different doses of chamomile extract were given (400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg/day) to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. 1500 mg/kg/day significantly reduced the damage to lungs. | [68] |
| Methanolic and aqueous extract | Antioxidant | Anti-helmintic | Invitro | IC50 values exhibited by methanolic and aqueous extracts against worms are 1.559 mg/mL and 2.559 mg/mL, respectively. The mortality rate of eggs shown by Albendazole standard was 91.75%, whereas, by chamomile extracts, it was 100% with a 0% recovery rate. | [63] |
| Topical nanoemulgel | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Atopic dermatitis | In-vivo | The severity of lesions induced by capsaicin administration significantly reduced after the topical application of chamomile oil and nanogel. Furthermore, inflammatory markers, IL-4 and IL-22, and levels of nitric oxide also reduced considerably in the treatment group. Uponcomparison, it can be seen that nanoemulgel formulations showed better results than oil due to improved skin retention and penetration. | [69] |
| Nasal spray containing chamomile extracts | Antioxidant | Allergic rhinitis | Clinical trial | The antiallergy effects were evaluated on the basis of Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT) scores. A significant decrease in SNOT scores was observed in patients when treated with nasal sprays of isotonic seawater containing chamomile oil and steroid (mometasone furoate) compared to treatments comprising isotonic seawater with steroid, hypervolume seawater and steroid, and only steroid. Similar results were obtained for nasal mucociliary clearance time, which was significantly reduced. | [70] |
| Topical gel of chamomile alcoholic extract (3%) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Chemotherapy induced oral mucositis | Clinical trial | The pain severity was assessed by numeric rating scale (NRS) every week for 21 days. Treatment with chamomile showed lower NRS scores compared to topical miconaz gel. | [71] |
| Oral mixture of linseed mucilage and chamomile flower decoction | Not known | Xerostomia | Clinical trial | The trial was conducted on 74 aged patients experiencing xerostomia. A proportion of participants (59.5%) felt the sensation of thick saliva at the end of the study period. The results were statistically significant (p < 0.05) compared to conventional saliva substitutes. | [72] |
| Oral chamomile oil and cumin oil | Antioxidant, hepatoprotective | Acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity | In-vivo | The protective effects of cumin oil and chamomile oil were compared. Chamomile oil exhibited moderate protective effects as evident by decreased glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity in livers. | [73] |
| Chamomile extract in capsules | Anxiolytic effect | Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | Clinical trial | The effects were tested on 179 subjects with GAD, and Hamilton rating scalefor anxiety and depression was determined. All subjects showed antidepressant effects upon chamomile treatments, which suggests its possible role in anxiety and depression. | [53] |
| Chamomile oil drops | Analgesic | Cesarean Section Pain | Clinical trial | Pregnant women numbering 128 participated in the study. The subjects inhaled drops at 4, 8, and 12 h after surgery and the pain intensity was measured using visual analog scale. The findings indicated that chamomile oil significantly reduced the severity of pain in women compared to placebo drops. | [74] |
| Aqueous chamomile infusion | Estrogenic activity | Galactogogue | Case study | A 29-year-old woman started consuming chamomile infusion after the birth of a baby. After 3 months, milk production enhanced from 60 mL to 90 mL. | [75] |
| Alcoholic chamomile extract | Polycystic ovary syndrome | In-vitro | The production of cysts in the ovaries was stimulated by giving estradiol valerate injections. Subsequently, rats were treated with alcoholic chamomile extract (50 mg/kg) or corn oil only (control). It was seen that the cysts were reduced drastically after chamomile treatment. The levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone also decreased considerably. | [76] |