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. 2022 Sep 28;15(10):1199. doi: 10.3390/ph15101199

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The combination treatment of Berberine and Gemcitabine regulates the activity of Rap1/PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in Gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells. (A,B) Western immunoblotting of Rap1, PI3K, Akt, and phospho-Akt (ser473) (p-Akt) expression in Gem-R MIA PaCa-2 (A) and BxPC-3 (B) following treatment. The protein of β-Actin was used as an internal control. The average (column) ± SD is indicated (* p < 0.05 vs. control, ^# p < 0.05 vs. BBR, ^$ p < 0.05 vs. Gem). Gem-R, Gemcitabine-resistant; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; BBR, Berberine; Gem, Gemcitabine; SD, standard deviation.