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. 2022 Oct 19;12(20):3670. doi: 10.3390/nano12203670

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Schematic representation of protocols employed for the synthesis of TiO2 NPs: (a) chemical and physical methods involved in the conventional methods category and biological methods involved in the latest methods category, showing (b) chemical, physical, and biological synthesis involving both the bottom-up and top-down techniques (idea adapted from the ref [57,58].