Figure 2.

(a) Measurement of cell proliferation by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) luminescent assay. Control cells showed maximum levels of ATP. ATP levels were significantly decreased in cells treated with Rubus fairholmianus (RF 10 µg/mL), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs 10 µg/mL), and R. fairholmianus capped zinc oxide nanoparticles (RFZnO NPs 10 µg/mL). (b) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was used to measure cytotoxicity. A significant increase in cytotoxicity 24  h after treatment with RF, ZnO NPs, and RFZnO NPs was observed. Significant differences are shown as * p <  0.05 and ** p < 0.01. Results represent the mean ± SE of three independent experiments.