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. 2022 Oct 13;27(20):6862. doi: 10.3390/molecules27206862

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immunofluorescence images of Bax (a–d), p53 (e–h), and Bcl-2 (i–l) in control and treated cells. Treated cells showed significant changes in the activity of apoptotic proteins. Control cells showed few p53- and Bax-positive cells and more Bcl-2-positive cells. Cells treated with Rubus fairholmianus (RF), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and R. fairholmianus capped zinc oxide nanoparticles (RFZnO NPs) showed higher levels of p53 and Bax positivity. The treatment with RF, ZnO NPs, and RFZnO NPs decreased Bcl-2. Magnification: 20X original; arrows indicate the presence of proteins p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 (FITC stained, green); nuclear stain: DAPI (blue).