Figure 7.
Proposed cell death mechanism induced by Rubus fairholmianus capped zinc oxide nanoparticles (RFZnO NPs). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during RFZnO NP treatment induced mitochondrial cytochrome c release, induced nuclear damage, and increased the activity of p53 and Bax while reducing the activity of Bcl-2, leading to apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cells.