Table 3.

Summary of the effects of MPs exposure on the central nervous system during the early developmental stage.

Organisms	Types of MPs	Size (µm) and Concentration	Age and Duration of Exposure	Consequences to Early Life Stages	References
Mice	DBP	Size: — Concentration: 0, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day	Age: offspring Exposure: gestation day 13 to postnatal day 15	-Reduction in the protein expression levels of Nr4a3, Egr1, Arc, and BDNF, and the phosphorylation of AKT -Decrease scores in negative geotaxis at PND 7 and swimming scores and olfactory orientation tests at PND 14 -Increase dark neurons -Delay pup development	[57]
Inbred Swiss albino mice	BPA (plastic additives)	Size: — Concentration: 50 µg/kg/day	Age: 21 days Exposure: 3 weeks and 8 weeks	-Anxiety-like behavior -Alterations in the ratio of excitatory–inhibitory proteins -Inhibited PSD95 expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus -Reduce morphological changes, spine stability, and blocked LTP induction	[58]
Mice	Pristine PS-MPs	Size: 5 µm and 20 µm Concentration: -	Age: 5 weeks Exposure: 28 days	-Increase activity of AChE: reduction in cholinergic neurotransmission efficiency -Increase threonine, aspartate, and taurine in serum (neurotransmitter substance) -Reduce phenylalanine	[37]
Human (infants)	BPA (plastic additives)	No data	Age: 6 years Exposure: no data	-Increase oxidative stress -Cause mitochondrial dysfunction that will disturb the function and behavior of children with ASD	[59]
Winstar stain rats	DBP (plastic additives)	Size: — Concentration: 500 mg/kg BW	Age: no data Exposure: gestation days 6 to 21 (3 weeks lactation)	-Changes in sensory motor development reflex response -Low memory retention -Alteration of cytoarchitecture in the hippocampus -Disrupt neural and endocrine functions	[60]