Table 5.

Summary of the effects of MPs exposure on the circulatory system during the early developmental stage.

Organisms	Types of MPs	Size (µm) and Concentration	Age and Duration of Exposure	Consequences to Early Life Stages	References
C57BL/6 mice	PS-MPs	Size: 5 µm Concentration: 0.1 mg and 0.5 mg	Age: 5 weeks Exposure: 28 days	-Decrease white blood cell count -Increase pit count -Induce oxidative stress -Inhibit the colony-forming ability of bone marrow cells -Damage blood system	[73]
Male Wistar rats	PS-MPs	Size: 0.5 µm Concentration: 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/L	Age: offspring Exposure: 90 days	-Lead to collagen proliferation of the heart -Induce oxidative stress -Activate the cardiac fibrosis-related Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway -Lead to cardiovascular toxicity -Damage structure	[22]
Mice	PE	Size: 200 nm Concentration: —	Age: offspring	-Increase lipid peroxidation and alter membrane structure -Contribute to RBC aging and removal from circulation -Impair RBC for oxygen transport -Ability of PE particles to circulate naturally for long times in the bloodstream -Transfer PE reversibly to the pulmonary vasculature via RBC carriage	[74]
Monkey	BPA	Size: — Concentration: 400 µg/kg bw		-Effect of cardiovascular fitness -Alter transcription of genes that are reorganized for their role in cardiac pathophysiology -Upregulate ventricles and the right atrium of the heart	[75]