Table 1.
List of tight junctions and virus.
| Viruses | Viral Genome | Model/Cells | Tight Junctions | Up/Down Regulate | Effects on Virus Infection | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV | ssRNA | Rhesus monkeys, Rat, HBMEC | OCLN, ZO-1, CLDN-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | ↓ NF-κB and MAPK pathways involved in IL-17, IL-6, TNF-α |
Inhibiting | [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26] |
| HCV | Positive ssRNA | Mice | CLDN-1, OCLD, ZO-1 | ↓ Contributes to the internalization of virus, and the EC2 and C-termini of OCLN, involved in HCV infection |
Promoting | [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] |
| HCV | Positive ssRNA | Huh7.5.1 cells | CLDN-6, 9, 12 | ↑ Interact with the major HCV receptor CD81 | Promoting | [32,33,34] |
| ZIKV-H | Positive ssRNA | Mice | ZO-1 | ↑ Upregulates the expression of ZO-1 in human BBB |
Promoting | [42,43] |
| ZIKV-PR | Positive ssRNA | Mice | ZO-1, OCLD, CLDN-5 | ↓ Downregulated the expression of ZO-1, OCLN, and CLDN-5 and penetrated into the brain parenchyma early after infection |
Inhibiting | [42,43,44,45,46,47,48] |
| ZIKV-U | Positive ssRNA | Mice | ZO-1, OCLD, CLDN-5 | Inhibiting | [42,43,44,45,46,47,48] | |
| DENV | Positive ssRNA | human endothelial | ZO-1 | ↓ Downregulates the expression of TNF-α, cause a significant decrease in ZO-1 expression and peripheral localization in epithelial and endothelial cells |
Inhibiting | [49,50,51,52,53] |
| JEV | Positive ssRNA | Mice | ZO-1, OCLN, CLDN-5 | ↓ Downregulation of OCLN, CLDN5 and ZO-1 expression; IP10 induces TNF-a, which leads to BBB destruction. | Inhibiting | [54] |
| RABV | Negative ssRNA | BHK-21 | ZO-1 | ↓ IFN-λ is regulated by RABV, which maintains ZO-1 expression in the BBB, thus ensuring the integrity of the TJ |
Inhibiting | [55] |
| IAV | 8-segment negative ssRNA | Ferret, Mice | OCLN, ZO-1, CLDN-1,3 | ↓ Destructs BBB; alter the cytoskeleton and morphology of airway epithelial cells |
Inhibiting | [56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65] |
| RSV | Negative ssRNA | Mice | OCLN, ZO-1, CLDN-1 | ↓ Causes airway epithelial barrier dysfunction, leading to an immune response and airway inflammation enhancement |
Inhibiting | [66,67,68] |
| SRAS-CoV | Positive ssRNA | MDCK | ZO-1 | ↓ Affects the integrity of lung epithelial cells by downregulating the expression of ZO-1 |
Inhibiting | [69,70] |
| AAV | ssDNA | Mice | ZO-1, OCLN, CLDN | ↓ Downregulating CLDN11 | Inhibiting | [71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78] |
| RV | 11-segment dsRNA | Humans, Mice | OCLN, CLDN, JAM-A, ZO-1 | ↓ Induces redistribution of OCLN, CLND, JAM-A and ZO-1 into the cytoplasm and increases accessory cell permeability of polarized MDCK cells |
Inhibiting | [79,80] |
| PEDV | Positive ssRNA | Vero-E6, IPEC-J2 | OCLN | ↑ Viral entry is closely associated with internalization of OCLN |
Promoting | [81] |
| PRRSV | Positive ssRNA | Marc-145, PAM | CLDN-4 | ↓ Inhibits virus adsorption, PRRSV GP3 can interact with the second loop ECL2 of CLDN4 | Inhibiting | [9] |
| PCV2 | ssDNA | Pig | ZO-1, OCLD | ↓ PCV2 downregulates ZO-1 and OCLN in the lung through JNK/MAPK pathway. |
Inhibiting | [84] |
| PoSaV | Positive ssRNA | Intestinal epithelial cells | ZO-1, 2, CLDN-1 | ↓ PSaV enters the target cells by inducing early dissociation of TJs, which binds to the OCLN that acts as a functional co-receptor |
Inhibiting | [85,86] |
| EBOV | Negative ssRNA | Sertoli | ZO-1, 2 | ↓ Disruption of BTBs formed by intercellular TJs in testes through reduces the expression of ZO-1 and ZO-2 |
Inhibiting | [87] |
| EV-A71 | Positive ssRNA | Mice | ZO-1, CLDN-5 | ↓ VP1 downregulates CLDN5 | Inhibiting | [88,89] |
| B19V | ssDNA | Mice | CLDN-1, OCLN | ↓ Reduces the expression of CLDN-1 and OCLN | Inhibiting | [90] |
| HBoV | ssDNA | Mice | CLDN-1, OCLN | ↓ Reduces the expression of CLDN-1 and OCLN | Inhibiting | [90] |
| VZV | dsDNA | Macaques | CLDN-2, 10, 18 | ↓ Reduces the expression of CLDN2, CLDN10 and CLDN18 in alveolar epithelial cells | Inhibiting | [91] |
| hPIV2 | Negative ssRNA | Airway epithelial cells | CLDN1 | ↑ Induces the expression of CLDN1 in airway epithelial cells | Promoting | [95] |
| HEV | Positive ssRNA | HBMVEC | CLDN5, OCLN and ZO-1 | ↓ Reduces the expression of CLDN-5, OCLN and ZO-1 | Inhibiting | [96] |
Notes: ss: single-stranded; ds: double-stranded. ↓: downregulated; ↑: upregulated.