Figure 5.

X-fold upregulation of CCL2, IL1ß, and CCL20 in THP1 cells after stimulation with cereal proteins. Gene expression is shown after 24h stimulation of THP1 cells with a peptic-tryptic digestion of albumin/globulin fractions (al/glo), glutenins (glu), or gliadins (glia) (0.5 mg/mL each). Fold-change gene expression was calculated with the 2^−ΔΔCt method, using GAPDH as a housekeeping gene, and was related to values for the culture medium without stimulants as a baseline. Data are shown as medians with interquartile range of two independent biological experiments with technical replicates, respectively. One-way ANOVA with multiple Tukey test was used to reveal significant changes in gene expression. (a) Significant differences to all other cereal fractions; (b) significant differences compared to wheat cultivar 1951–1960, rye, spelt, and emmer.