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. 2022 Sep 22;12(10):889. doi: 10.3390/metabo12100889

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Depicts the potential intersection of acute and chronic phases of COVID-19 and risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Population at higher risk of infection and development of disease may experience an acute illness or progression toward a long-term illness. Direct viral infiltration or indirect inflammatory response, as well as adverse cardiac remodelling, can lead to chronic heart and pulmonary disease. Abbreviations: COVID-19 indicates coronavirus disease 2019; IL: interleukine; HF, heart failure; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.