Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies. Abbreviations: DAD, diffuse alveolar damage; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; other abbreviations in other figures.

First Author/Year Ref	Type of Study	Number of Patients	Mean Age, years	Finding
Klok (2020) Thromb. Res. [9]	Retrospective Single Center (Netherlands)	184	64 (12)	Higher incidence (31%) of TED in ICU patients. VTE in 27% (95%CI 17–37%) and arterial thrombotic events in 3.7% (95%CI 0–8.2%).
Tang (2020) J. Thromb. Haemost [11]	Prospective Single Center Wuan (China)	183	54.1 ± 16.2	Elevated D-dimer and FDP are common in deaths with NCP fibrin degradation product (FDP) novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP).
Cui (2020) J. Thromb Haemost [14]	Prospective Single Center Wuan (China)	81	59.9 (14.1)	Higher incidence of VTE (25%) in severe NCP, with poor prognosis. High-risk groups of VTE identified for increased D-dimer.
Klok (2020) Thromb Res. [17]	Retrospective Single Center (Netherlands)	184	64 (12)	Higher cumulative incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with NCP. Total 95% confidence interval [CI] 41–57%. Pulmonary embolism (PE) (65/75; 87%).
Lodigiani (2020) Thromb Res. [15]	Prospective Single Center Milan (Italy)	388	61 (55–69)	High rate of TED within 24 h of admission. High rate of positive VTE imaging suggested to improve specific thromboprophylaxis.
Middeldorp (2020) J Thromb Haemost. [20]	Prospective Single Center Amsterdam (Netherlands)	75	62 (10)	Higher risk of VTE in ICU patients 42% (95% CI 30–54) at 21 days.
Tang (2020) J. Thromb Haemost [29]	Prospective Single Center Wuan (China)	449	65.1 ± 12.0	Anticoagulant therapy, mainly using low molecular weight heparin, is associated with better prognosis. SIC criteria were relevant or D-dimer were markedly elevated.
Huang (2022) Lancet Respir Med. [33]	Retrospective Single Center Wuan (China)	2469	57.0 (48.0–65.0)	Within 2 years, COVID-19 survivors had longitudinal improvements in physical and mental health; however, this population had a remarkably lower health status.
Wu (2020) JAMA [34]	Retrospective multicenter (China)	72,314	30 to 79 years of age (87%)	Draconian measures may be considered to limit the spread of infection.
Wu (2020) JAMA Intern. Med. [35]	Retrospective Multicenter (China)	201	51 (43–60)	Older had greater risk of progression toward ARDS and death HR, 6.17; 95% CI, 3.26–11.67. Higher D-dimer HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04.
Zhou (2020) Lancet [36]	Retrospective Multicenter (China)	191	56 (46–67) Non-survivor 69 (63–76) Survivor 52 (45–58)	Older age is an increased risk factors (p < 0.0001), as well high SOFA score and d-dimer greater than 1 μg/mL These factors can identify poor prognosis at an early stage.
Lymperaki (2022) Medicines [37]	Prospective Single center	199 Non COVID (60) COVID (139)	Non COVID 9–89 COVID 28–91	Biomarkers, such as vitamin B12 (p = 0.0029), ROS (p < 0.0001), and albumin (p = 0.046), are useful as possible prognosis tools for an early diagnosis.
Garma (2022) Sci. Rep. [38]	Prospective Single center	22		ACE-2 was not expressed by infected or control platelets.
Lippi (2020) Clin. Chim. Acta. [39]	Retrospective Multicenter (Study level meta-analysis)	1779	38–67	Low platelet count is associated with increased risk of severe disease and mortality in patients with COVID-19.
Varikasuvu (2021) Sci. Rep. [40]	Retrospective Multicenter (Study level meta-analysis)	Unadjusted 26,960 Adjusted 15,653	41–73	Higher D-dimer levels provide early assess COVID-19 patients at risk for disease progression and mortality outcomes.
Du (2021) Int. J. Clin. Pract. [41]	Retrospective Multicenter (Study level meta-analysis)	1430 Non severe COVID (1025) Severe COVID (378)	Non severe COVID 29–74 Severe COVID 41–83	Severe COVID-19 patients reveal a higher concentration of D-dimer, when compared with non-severe patients.
Han (2020) Clin Chem Lab Med [42]	Prospective Single Center Wuan (China)	94		Patients with SARS-CoV-2 reveal significant changes in coagulation function, as compared with healthy people. Monitoring D-dimer and FDP values may be helpful to identify severe cases.
Yang (2020) Lancet Respir Med. [43]	Retrospective Single Center Wuan (China)	710 52 critically	59·7 (13·3)	Older patients (>65 years) with comorbidities and ARDS are at increased risk of death.
Gao (2020) J. Med. Virol. [44]	Retrospective Single Center Wuan (China)	43	Severe COVID 45.20 ± 7.68 Mild COVID 42.96 ± 14.00	IL-6 and d-D tandem testing predict severity of COVID (sensitivity 93.3%, for IL-6 and 96.4%.d-D).
Wang (2020) JAMA [45]	Retrospective Single Center Wuan (China)	138	56 (42–68)	A total of 41% of patients with COVID-19 have presumed hospital-related transmission. A total of 26% of patients received ICU care, and mortality was 4.3%.
Yang (2020) J. Thromb Haemost [46]	Retrospective Single Center Wuan (China)	1476	Survivors 56 (46–65) Non survivors 67 (59–75)	Thrombocytopenia is marked in patients with COVID-19, and it is associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality.
Nappi (2022) J. Clin. Med. [47]	Retrospective Multicenter (Systematic review)	38,485	(29–86)	NETs are implicated in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response during COVID-19, and long-term effects requires ongoing monitoring and research.
Guo (2020) JAMA cardiology [48]	Retrospective Single Center Wuan (China)	187	58.50 (14.66)	Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19 with increased cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias.
Zhu (2021) Immun. Inflamm. Dis. [49]	Retrospective Multicenter (Study level meta-analysis)	15,354	40 (1–96)	Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, acute cardiac injury, and related laboratory indicators are associated with the severity of COVID-19.
Lala (2020) JACC [50]	Prospective single center	985	66.4 (18–100)	Myocardial injury is prevalent among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Low levels of troponin are revealed.
Zuo (2020) Sci. Transl. Med. [51]	Prospective single center	172	61 ± 17 (25–95)	Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 reveal transient positivity for APL antibodies. APL autoantibodies are potentially pathogenic.
Zuo (2020) JCI Insight [52]	Prospective single center	80	61 ± 15 (29–91)	Sera from patients with COVID-19 disclose NET release.
Bryce et al. (2021) Mod. Pathol [53]	Retrospective Single center	100	68 (29 to 94)	A total of 82 cases were DAD. Hemphagocytosis, higher cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα.
Schaefer et al. (2020) Mod. Pathol. [54]	Retrospective Single center	7	66 (50 to 77)	A total of 5 cases diffused DAD. Two cases alveolar injuries. SARS-CoV-2 infection involving epithelial lung cell in acute phase. No endothelial cell infection.
Delorey et al. (2021) Nature [55]	Retrospective Single center	32	30 to 89	Higher viral RNAs in phagocytic mononuclear and endothelial lung cells. Transcriptional alterations in multiple cell types in the heart tissue.
Lindner et al. (2020) JAMA Cardiol. [56]	Prospective Single center	39	68 (78–89)	SARS-CoV-2 directly infects the myocardium. Absence of inflammatory cell infiltrates in patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Higher cytokine response.
Varga et al. (2020) Lancet [22]	Retrospective Single center	3	63 (58–61)	Lymphocytic endotheliitis in lung, heart, kidney, and liver. Apoptotic bodies in the heart; mononuclear cells in lung.
Ackerman et al. (2020) N. Engl. J. Med. [24]	Retrospective Single center	14 SARS-CoV-2 7 H1N1 7	68 ± 9.2 years (female) 80 ± 11.5 years (male)	Alveolar capillary microthrombi 9 times more in SARS-CoV-2. Higher CD3, CD4, and CD-8 positive T cells in SARS-CoV-2. Lower neutrophils (CD15).
Blasco (2020) JAMA Cardiology [57]	Prospective Single center	55	COVID 62 (14) Non COVID 58 (12)	In patients with COVID-19 and myocardial infarction, NETs seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of STEMI.
Chen (2020) Lancet [58]	Retrospective Multicenter center Wuan (China)	99	55.5 (13.1)	The COVID-19 infection is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, resulting in severe and even fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Shi (2020) JAMA Cardiol. [59]	Retrospective Multicenter center Wuan (China)	416	64 (21–95)	Cardiac injury is a common evidence among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and it is associated with higher risk of in-hospital mortality.
Szekely (2020) Circulation [60]	Prospective Single center	100	66.1 ± 17.2	Preservation of LV systolic function is in the majority of COVID-19 patients. Impairement of LV diastolic and RV functions. Elevated troponin and poorer clinical grade are associated with worse RV function.
Xie (2022) Nat. Med. [61]	Retrospective Multicenter center	153,760	61.42 (15.64)	Risk and 1-year burden of cardiovascular disease in survivors of acute COVID-19 are substantial.
Guan (2020) NEJM [61]	Retrospective Multicenter center Wuan (China)	1099	47 (35.0–58.0)	COVID-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Many patients without fever did not have abnormal radiologic findings.
COVIDSurg Collaborative (2022) Anaesthesia [62]	Prospective Multicenter	128,013	55.6 (18–49)	High risk of thromboembolic complication in COVID-19 patients.
COVIDSurg Collaborative (2021) Anaesthesia [63]	Prospective Multicenter	96,454		Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small, but clinically important, increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications.
COVIDSurg Collaborative (2021) Br. J. Surg. [64]	Prospective Multicenter	56,589	(18–69)	As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population.
COVIDSurg Collaborative (2021) Anaesthesia [65]	Prospective Multicenter	140,231	(31.4–87.4)	After a ≥7 week delay in undertaking surgery, following SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients with ongoing symptoms had a higher mortality than patients whose symptoms had resolved or who had been asymptomatic 6.0% (95% CI 3.2–8.7) vs. 2.4% (95% CI 1.4–3.4) vs. 1.3% (95% CI 0.6–2.0).