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Periodic incubation of bacteria with AMPs (a) Development of tolerant strains in E. coli against the tested AMPs. Cell cultures were evolved for 10 successive cycles or until resistance was detected (PolB, after 8 cycles) (b) Bacterial survival fraction before and after the assay. Values are shown as the mean ± SEM and individual replicates are displayed. p-values are reported as indicated: *** p < 0.005; **** p < 0.001.
