Figure 4.

Killing curve assays after antibiotic exposure in E. coli strains evolved with Pleu and LL-37. Bacterial viability was measured as the relative number of surviving CFUs compared with the initial inoculum. The concentrations used for each antibiotic were 6.3 µg/mL for ampicillin, 12.5 µg/mL for kanamycin, 0.1 µg/mL for ciprofloxacin, and 20 µg/mL for nalidixic acid. Values are shown as the mean ± SEM, and all experiments were performed in triplicates. p-values are reported as indicated: ns: non-significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01.