Figure 2.

The non-canonical inflammasome pathway activates an endotoxic shock by stimulating LPS independently of TLR4 signaling. Caspase-11 plays a pivotal role in mice and caspases 4/5 in humans in this metabolic pathway. They can recognize and bind directly pent-acylated and hexa-acylated lipid A of the LPS without the mediation of TLR4. Subsequently, the caspases-4/5/11 provoke the cleavage of GSDMD, starting the process of pyroptosis. This phenomenon determines by caspase 11, the activation of pannexin-1, a channel protein that produces ATP. The release of ATP promotes the efflux of potassium. It is responsible for assembling NLRP3 inflammasome and the maturation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.