Table 1.
In vitro beneficial actions of grape pomace in oxidative stress and inflammation.
| Grape Pomace Variety |
Models | Polyphenols Content |
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red Grape Pomace Variety | ||||
| Batiki Tyrnavou variety (Greece) | Tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced-oxidative stress in C2C12 muscle cells and EA.hy926 endothelial cells | Flavanols, (catechin and epicatechin), anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols (quercetin) phenolic acids (gallic acid and caftaric acid) | -decreased ROS levels in muscle cells -decreased TBARS and carbonyls levels in both cells line -increased GSH levels in both cells line; |
[84] |
| Tinta Cao and Cabernet Franc (USA) | CA77 cell line | - | -decreased CGRP levels | [85] |
| Tempranillo variety (University of Burgos, Spain) -WGPI-gastrointestinal digestion; WPF—colonic fermentation |
Hyperglycemic treatment in EA.hy926 endothelial cells | Phenolic acids, flavanols, stillbenes, flavonols | -increased mRNA Nrf2 levels, pNrf2/Nrf2 ratio; -increased pAkt/Akt ratio; -decreased pIκBα/IκBα and pIKK/IKK ratio, mRNA COX2, NOX4, SOD2 levels; -increased mRNA SIRT1, HO-1, CAT, NQO1 levels, GSH/GSSG ratio; -increased mRNA GS, GR levels in WGPI; -increased phospho-p38-MAPK/p38-MAPK ratio in WPF; -decreased mRNA NF-κB levels and pNF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 ratio in WPF; -increased mRNA GCLC, GS, GR, SOD, GPx1 levels in WPF; |
[86] |
| Carignan variety (Northern Tunisia) | -6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress in mesencephalic cells (dopaminergic cells) -6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress in dopaminergic cells derived from stem cells |
- | -increased cell viability in mesencephalic primary cells; -decreased ROS production in stem cells; -decreased phospho-NF-κB p65 translocation |
[87] |
| White grape pomace variety | ||||
| Batiki Tyrnavou variety (Central Greece) | Bovine spermatozoa incubated with different GP concentrations | - | -decreased MDA levels; | [88] |
| Red and White pomace variety | ||||
| White grape pomace (Moscato branco) and mixed grape pomace (red + white) Enzymatic hydrolysis treated fractions |
IL-1β treated Caco-2 cells | Quercetin, catechin, resveratrol, gallic and caffeic acids, trans-resveratrol, rutin and procyanidin B2 | -decreased ROS in all fractions (100-200 µg/mL); -decreased NF-κB, PGE2 levels in all fractions; -significantly greater decrease of IL-8 levels in mixed grape pomace with or without enzymatic hydrolysis; |
[89] |
Abbreviations: CAT—catalase; CGRP—calcitonin gene-related peptide; COX 2—cyclooxygenase 2; GR—glutathione reductase; GS—glutathione syntase; GCLC—glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; GPx1—glutathione peroxidase 1; GSH—glutathione; GSSG—glutathione disulfide; HO-1—heme oxygenase 1; MDA—malondialdehyde; NF-κB—nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NF-κB p65—nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells transcription factor; NOX4—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4; NQO1 —nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide plus hydrogen quinone oxidoreductase 1 mRNA Nrf2—messenger ribonucleic acid nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; p38-MAPK—p38mitogen-activated protein kinase PGE2—prostaglandin E2; pAkt—phosphorylated protein kinase B; pIκBα—phosphorylated inhibitor of kappa B; pIKK—phosphorylated IκB kinase; pNrf2—phosphorylated Nrf2 ROS—reactive oxygen species; SIRT1—sirtuin 1; SOD2—superoxide dismutase 2; TBARS—thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor alpha.