Table 2.
In vivo beneficial actions of grape pomace in oxidative stress and inflammation.
| Grape Pomace | Models | Polyphenols Content |
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red grape pomace variety | ||||
| Tempranillo variety (Burgos, Spain) | Spontaneously hypertensive rats | Proanthocyanidin, anthocyanins, quercetin | -TAC increased; -decreased lipid peroxidation and carbonyl groups; -increased NO levels -increased HO-1, SOD2, eNOS gene expression; |
[98] |
| Alicante and Pinot varieties (France) polyphenol-enriched Alicante |
Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced colitis in Wistar male | Anthocyanins | -improved histological score; -decreased MPO activity; -increased SOD activity in polyphenol-enriched Alicante; -decreased IL-1𝛼, IL-6 IFN-𝛾 levels; -decreased IL-1β levels in Alicante and Pinot; -decreased IL6, ICAM-1, MMP-9 gene expression; -decreased IL-1β, iNOS gene expression in Alicante and Pinot; -decreased TNF𝛼, NF𝜅B p65, COX2 gene expression in polyphenol-enriched Alicante; |
[99] |
| Malbec variety (Gualtallary, Mendoza, Argentina) | High fructose diet-induced Metabolic syndrome in Wistar rats | Quercetin, epicatechin, catechin, trans-resveratrol, ferulic, gallic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric acids | -reduced CRP levels; -reduced NADPH oxidase activity; -increased adiponectin; -reduced resistin; -increased insulin sensitivity; |
[100] |
| Dimrit grapes variety | 96 laying Hens given different GP concentrations | Catechin, Epicatechin, Gallocatechin, Epigallocatechin, Phenolic acids, Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, p-cumaric acid | -decreased plasma MDA levels; -decreased egg yolk MDA levels; |
[101] |
| Red wine grape pomace | 18 crossbreed lambs given different GP diets (5%, 10%) | - | -increased TAOC and SOD, GPX activity in longissimus dorsi muscle; -decreased ROS and MDA levels in longissimus dorsi muscle; |
[102] |
| Red wine grape pomace | 24 crossbreed ram lambs under pen conditions given GP diets (5%, 10%) | - | -decreased MDA and ROS levels in lamb testes; -increased CAT, SOD, GPx4 activity in lamb testes; -increased TAOC (GP 10%); -increased SOD, GPx4 mRNA expression (GP 10%); -increased CAT, SOD, GPx4 protein abundance; |
[103] |
| Tempranillo variety | Wistar rats given high-fat diet | - | -decreased IL-1β and TNF-α levels; -increased FRAP plasma and liver levels; -increased liver GSH/GSSG ratio; -decreased plasma and liver MDA and carbonyl groups levels; -decreased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine plasma levels; |
[104] |
| Muscat Bailey A variety (Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea) | High-fat diet induced obesity in male C57BL/6J mice | Catechins, resveratrol, flavonoids, | -decreased TNF-α, PAI-1 levels; -decreased liver NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α levels; |
[105] |
| Cabernet Franc (Chrysalis Vineyards, Virginia) |
C57BL/6NCr mice given high-fat diet | - | -decreased TNF-α, IFN-ɣ, IL-12β, PAI-1 and resistin levels | [106] |
| Red wine pomace | 78 crossbreed piglet given apple or grape pomace | Flavanols | -decreased NF-κB mRNA expression in the stomach; -increased NF-κB and TNF-α mRNA expression in the liver and muscle; -decreased TNF-α and IL-10 mRNA expression in ileum; -increased IL-10 mRNA expression in the jejunum, colon, and liver; |
[107] |
| Red dried grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L. variety) | 20 Fresian cows given GP diet | Flavonoids, gallic acid, epicatechin | -lower MDA levels in the cheese from cow’s milk that received GP; -lower thrombogenic index in cow’s milk that received GP; |
[108] |
| Pinotage variety (Bellevue Wine Estate, Stellenbosch, South Africa) | 40 lambs given GP diets at different c% (0, 5, 10, 15, 20) | Proanthocyanidins, tannins | -increased antioxidant activity (15, 20% diets) within first 3 days of meat storage; -decreased TBARS levels of all diets from day 5 to day 9 of meat storage; -decreased carbonyl content in stored meat (10, 20%); |
[109] |
| Pinotage variety (Bellevue, Beyers Kloof, Western Cape Province, South Africa) | Angus steer given dried grape pomace or dried citrus pulp | Proanthocyanidins, tannins | -decreased TBARS and carbonyl levels; -increased antioxidant activity; |
[110] |
| Cencibel variety (Grupo Matarromera San Bernardo-Valbuena de Duero, Valladolid, Spain) Enzymatic hydrolysis treated fractions—tannase and carbohydrase enzyme complex—separately or combined |
300 Cobb chicks given different GP c% (5, 10) diets—hydrolyzed/un-hydrolyzed | Gallic acid, Catechin, Epicatechin, Procyanidin B1, Procyanidin B2 Epicatechin-O-gallate; | -decreased MDA levels; | [111] |
| Moschato variety Tyrnavos (Larissa prefecture, Greece) | 30 female broilers given GP diet for 15 or 35 days; | - | -15 days GP diet: decreased TBARS plasma levels, increased GSH levels in kidney and spleen, decreased TBARS levels in pancreas and intestine, decreased CARB levels in the kidney; -35 days GP diet: increased GSH erythrocytes levels, decreased TBARS plasma levels, increased GSH levels in kidney, spleen, heart, lung, and liver, increased TAC levels in liver, spleen, and kidney, decreased H2O2 decomposition in the intestine, decreased TBARS levels in spleen, quadriceps muscle, and heart, decreased CARB levels in spleen and kidney; |
[112] |
| Cencibel variety | 180 broiler chicks given different GP diets doses (15, 30, 60 mg/kg) or Vitamin E; | Condensed tannins | -decreased MDA levels in refrigerated breast meat; | [113] |
| Cencibel variety (Vinícola de Castilla S.A.,Manzanares, Ciudad Real, Spain) | 120 broiler chicks given different GP diets doses (5, 15, 30 mg/kg) or Vitamin E; | - | -decreased MDA levels in refrigerated breast and thigh meat (day 7); -decreased MDA levels in refrigerated breast meat (day 4); |
[114] |
| Moschato variety (Tyrnavos Larissa, Greece) |
24 piglets given GP diet (blood and tissue samples taken at 15 and 30 days post-diet) | - | -15 days GP diet: decreased TAC plasma activity, decreased CARB levels in spleen, brain and liver, decreased TBARS levels in brain, kidneys, stomach, heart, lungs, quadriceps muscle, and spleen, increased TAC levels in stomach and pancreas, decreased TAC levels in the brain, increased GSH levels, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, lungs, brain and quadriceps muscle; increased H2O2 decomposition activity in kidneys and decreased in lungs and stomach; -30 days GP diet: decreased CAT erythrocytes activity, decreased CARB levels in spleen, brain, liver, lungs, quadriceps muscle, stomach, and pancreas, decreased TBARS levels in brain, liver, heart, lungs, quadriceps muscle, spleen, and pancreas; increased TAC levels in the quadriceps muscle, kidneys, lungs, stomach, and pancreas, decreased TAC levelsthe in brain, increased GSH levels heart, liver, pancreas, lungs, brain and quadriceps muscle, kidneys; decreased TAC levels in stomach and spleen; increased H2O2 decomposition activity in kidneys, quadriceps muscle, pancreas and decreased in lungs and brain; |
[115] |
| Cencibel variety (La Mancha, España) | 70 broiler chicks given GP diets doses (0, 30, 60 mg/kg) | Condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins; | -reduced TBARS levels in raw chicken patties (storage day 13, 20); - reduced TBARS levels in cooked chicken patties (storage day 3, 6, 13, 20); -reduced TBARS levels in raw chicken patties (60 mg/kg—6 months storage); -reduced TBARS levels in cooked chicken patties (30, 60 mg/kg—6 months storage); |
[116] |
| Moschato variety (Tyrnavos Larissa, Greece) |
28 lambs given GP diet (blood and tissue samples taken at 27 and 55 days post-diet) | - | -27 days GP diet: increased CAT erythrocytes activity; decreased protein carbonyls level in the liver; increased TBARS activity in the brain; -55 days GP diet: reduced TBARS activity in liver, spleen, and heart; increased TBARS activity in the brain; decreased TAC in brain and liver; GSH levels increased in quadriceps muscle and spleen; decreased GSH levels in the liver; |
[117] |
| Carignan variety (Northern Tunisia | Adult mice given 6-hydroxydopamine stereotaxic injection in midbrain (Parkinson disease model) | - | -increased SOD1 brain levels; -decreased neurons depletion in substantia nigra; -ameliorated motor impairment; |
[92] |
| White grape pomace variety | ||||
| Koshu variety (Japan and Italy) Fermented or un-fermented fractions |
Female rats induced-allergic reactions (asthma and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) | - | -decreased serum IgE levels; -decreased eosinophils levels in bronchial lavage; -decreased cutaneous reaction in time and dose-dependent manners; -decreased cutaneous reaction compared to Tannat or Negroamaro GP (red varieties) |
[118] |
Abbreviations: AOPP—advanced oxidation protein product; CARB—protein carbonyls; CAT—catalase; COX 2—cyclooxygenase 2; CRP—C-reactive protein; DPPH—2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP—ferric ion antioxidant reducing power; GP—grape pomace; GPx—glutathione peroxidase; ɣ-GCS—ɣ-synthase glutamyl cysteine; GSH—glutathione; GSSG—glutathione disulfide; GST—glutathione-s-transferase; HO-1—heme oxygenase 1; ICAM-1—Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1; IFN-ɣ—interferon gamma; MDA—malondialdehyde; MMP-9—matrix metalloproteinase 9; MPO—myeloperoxidase activity; NADPH—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NF-κB p65—nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells transcription factor; eNOS- endothelial nitric oxide synthase; iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO—nitric oxide; oxLDL- Oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PAI-1—Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; ROS—reactive oxygen species; SOD—superoxide dismutase; TAC—total antioxidant capacity; TAOC—total antioxidant capacity; TAS—total antioxidant status; TBARS—thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor alpha.