Table 3.
Grape pomace polyphenols versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in oxidative stress and inflammation.
| Administrated Polyphenol | NSAID | Model | Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Polyphenols | Differences of Results Between Polyphenols and AINS | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RES 50 mg/kg |
Diclofenac 3 mg/kg |
Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats | -reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, TBARS and NOx levels; -reduced NF-κB p65 expression; |
- | [128] |
| RES 50 mg/kg |
Diclofenac 3 mg/kg |
Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats | -reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, TBARS and NOx levels; -attenuated histological changes (cartilage damage, pannus formation, cellular infiltration, synovial proliferation) -reduced NF-κB p65 expression; |
-diclofenac group decreased paw volume | [129] |
| RES 10/50 mg/kg |
Celecoxib 5 mg/kg |
Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats | -reduced paw volume; -decreased lymphocyte proliferation; -decreased COX2 expression; -decreased PGE2 levels; |
-resveratrol exhibited similar results to celecoxib | [130] |
| RES 100 mg/kg |
Celecoxib | Lipopolysaccharide induced-sepsis in rats | -no significant reduction of prostaglandin plasma and kidneys levels; -no significant reduction of mRNA MCP-1 and IL-6 levels; |
-celecoxib tackle the inflammation effects compared to resveratrol | [131] |
| RES 10 mg/kg |
Ibuprofen 30 mg/kg |
Experimental arthritis and periodontitis in rats | -longer reduction in paw swelling; -higher gingival IL-4 levels; |
- | [132] |
| RES 5/10 mg/kg |
Etoricoxib 10 mg/kg | Experimental osteoarthritis induced in rats | -increased time of paw withdraw mechanical, heat and cold hyperalgesia test in RES groups; -increased spontaneous rats’ movement in RES groups; -decreased serum TNF-α, IL-10 levels; -decreased serum IL-1β levels (RES 10 mg/kg); -decreased synovial TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-1β levels; -decreased cartilage mRNA TNF-α, IL-10 expression; -decreased cartilage mRNA IL-1β expression (RES 10 mg/kg); -decreased cartilage protein TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-13 expression; -decreased mRNA iNOS expression; -decreased mRNA COX2 expression (RES 10 mg/kg); -decreased protein iNOS, COX2 expression; |
-etoricoxib manage to present same anti-inflammatory effects as RES 10 mg/kg treated group; | [133] |
| Quercetin (75 mg/kg) | Phenylbutazone (80 mg/kg) and Indomethacin (6 mg/kg) | Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced arthritis; carrageenan-induced paw edema | -reduced paw edema (carrageenan experiment); -reduced paw volume in the acute phase; -reduced paw volume in the chronic phase (days 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16) |
-higher anti-inflammatory effect compared to phenylbutazone in carrageenan experiment; | [134] |
| Quercetin (80 mg/kg) | Phenylbutazone (80 mg/kg) | Experimental induced-arthritis in rats | -reduced paw volume in the acute phase; -reduced paw volume in the chronic phase (day 9, 10, 14, 16, 19, 23, 26 and 30) |
- | [135] |
Abbreviations: COX2—cyclooxygenase 2; iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase; MCP-1—monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMP-13—mettaloproteinase 13; NF-κB p65—nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells transcription factor; NOx—serum total nitrate/nitrite; PGE2—prostaglandin E2; RES—resveratrol; TBARS—thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor alpha.