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. 2022 Oct 12;14(20):4274. doi: 10.3390/polym14204274

Table 4.

Related researches on utilization of hemp components in packaging and composites.

Main Material Packaging Technology Material Method of Hemp Fiber/Hemp Seed Oil Packaging Properties Reference
Hemp fiber Internal mixerRoll mixerInjection molding machine Hemp fiber and polypropylene -

  • Tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength increased from 28 MPa to 40 MPa, 42 MPa to 65 MPa and 22 to 33 kJ/m2, respectively.

 [50]
Twin-screw extruderInjection molding machine Hemp fiber and polypropylene Alkaline treatment

  • Tensile strength of composites containing alkali-treated and untreated fiber with addition of 4% MAPP increased by 50 and 40 MPa, respectively.

 [48]
Rapid-Kothen machine Hemp fiber Alkaline treatment

  • Hemp fiber paper had density of up to 1.56 g/cm3, tensile strength of up to 66.7 MPa and transparency of up to 87.3%

 [57]
Solvent casting Hemp fiber, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) -

  • Mechanical analysis of cellulose nanocrystal base film showed increased values of Young’s modulus but oxygen permeation decreased at 1.05-1.35 cm3 m−1 s−1 Pa−1.

 [41]
Compression molding process Polyester and hemp fiber -

  • Hemp fiber/unsaturated polyester composite laminates were subjected to impact testing with three distinct impactor geometries-hemispherical, conic with 30° and conic with 90° and four different impact velocities 2.52 m/s, 2.71 m/s, 2.89 m/s and 2.97 m/s.

  • The findings of this study showed that specimens examined with a hemispherical impactor were able to withstand larger loads, with maximum load higher than for impactor forms with a 90° and 30° angle.

 [51]
Laminated in a sandwich-like structure Poly (lactic acid)Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) -

  • Young’s modulus and tensile strength increased with increasing volume fraction.

 [91]
Twin-screw extruderInjection molding machine Poly (lactic acid) and hemp fiber -

  • Tensile strength (46.25 ± 6.75 MPa), Young’s modulus (6.1 ± 0.58 GPa), flexural strength (94.83 ± 11.21 MPa), flexural modulus (6.04 ± 0.55 GPA), density (1.14 ± 0.07 g/cm3), elongation at break (0.93 ± 0.35%) and water absorption capacity (1.06 ± 0.18%) of hybrid fiber composites improved compared to neat PLA.

 [7]
Single-screw extruder Potato starch and hemp fiber -

  • Elastic modulus showed that the interphase effect changed favorably as fiber content increased.

 [93]
Compression Hemp fiber and polyethylene -

  • Hemp fiber composite had modulus of elasticity and rupture, and flexural strain at break 8.0 ± 0.4 GPa, 110.8 ± 5.0 MPa and 4.2 ± 0.3%, respectively.

  • Tensile modulus, strength and elongation at break were 4.1 ± 0.2 GPa, 67.6 ± 0.2 MPa and 3.5 ± 0.3%, respectively.

 [94]
Solvent casting Hemp hurd and polyvinyl alcohol solution (PVA) Steam explosion treatment

  • Young’s modulus and tensile strength of hemp/PVA composite films increased more than two-fold. When hemp fiber content increased, water vapor permeability increased and film was UV-shielding.

 [42]
Laminates Hemp fibers or flax fibers and epoxy resins (EP) or polypropylene (PP) Alkaline treatment

  • Fiber characteristics caused by mercerization increased flexural modulus and flexural strength of composites by 100% and 45%, respectively.

 [95]
Solvent casting Hemp hurd and polyvinyl alcohol solution (PVA) -

  • Young’s modulus and tensile strength increased more than two-fold in hemp/PVA composite films. When hemp fiber content increased, water vapor permeability increased and film was UV-shielding.

 [43]
Compression molding Hemp fiberWheat gluten -

  • Tensile strength and Young’s modulus both dramatically increased with increasing short hemp fiber percentage.

 [52]
Solvent casting Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed oilcake -

  • Tensile strength of hemp protein-based films increased when enzymatically crosslinked proteins were used, reaching more than double the control films using 20 U/g of mTGase in the protein pretreatment.

 [92]
Compression molding Hemp fibers and cashew nut shell liquid matrix Alkaline treatment

  • The 4 and 6% NaOH treatments gave the maximum Young’s modulus and tensile strength of 65 GPa and 1064 MPa, respectively when fibers were tested in tension.

 [96]
Compression molding Hemp fibers and polybenzoxazine Alkaline treatment

  • Tensile strength and Young’s modulus values increased as waste hemp fibers loading increased.

 [55]
Melt processing Hemp fibers and corn starch -

  • According to DMTA analysis, hemp fibers increased glass transition temperature (Tg) of TPS. Reinforcement also enhanced material stiffness, reflected in storage modulus and Young’s modulus values.

 [39]
Resin transfer molding Hemp fiber and unsaturated polyester -

  • Increasing fiber content linearly increased material tensile, flexural and impact capabilities.

 [97]
Compression molding Hemp fibers and polybenzoxazine Alkaline and silane treatment

  • Silane-treated fiber composites demonstrated optimal properties compared to other treated fiber composites for flexural, tensile and impact tests.

 [54]
Hydraulic hot-press Hemp fibers and polybenzoxazine Alkaline treatment

  • Impact, tensile strength, flexural and Young’s modulus increased after loading waste hemp fibers.

 [53]
Hemp seed oil Planetary centrifugal mixer 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and hemp seed oil Cold-pressed hemp oil

  • This biocomposite was used to form flexible and transparent films with high water resistance.

 [9]
Hydrolyzed hemp seed oil Hemp seed oil Cold-pressed hemp oil

  • Thermal stabilities and degradation mechanisms were altered by adding hydroxylated hemp seed oil which changed the thermoplastic polyurethane structure.

 [98]
Film-forming solutions Hemp seed oil and gelatin Cold-pressed hemp oil

  • Film-forming solution had a significant additive inhibitory impact against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicillium expansum and a moderate additive inhibitory effect against E. coli.

 [75]