Table 5.

Related researches on applications of hemp in food and feed.

Product Type	Product Form	Mixed Ingredient	Technology	Observation Result	Reference
Food	Wheat bread	Hemp and heat flour	single-phase method in a fast rotating spiral mixer	Wheat bread containing hemp flour had higher protein content (13.38–19.29 g/100 g d.m) compared to white bread (11.02 g/100 g d.m), but reduce sensory characteristic. Moreover, bread stalling is reduced indicating hardness changing inhibition, increased browning index from 29.69 to 46.26 and phenolic content.	[113]
	Gluten free bread	Hemp flour, corn starch, potato starch,	Baking using convection oven	Hemp flour weakened starch-based gluten free bread structure, while 20% reinforced the structure. Hemp flour improved dietary fiber content and prevent the hardening, but reduced the lightness.	[118]
	Bread	Hemp and wheat flour	Baking	Hemp flour improved the shelf-life of wheat bread, while reduced dough consistency up to 82%.	[121]
	Sponge cake	Hemp, pea, and insect protein	Baking using electric oven	Combination of 3.75% pea, 3.75% hemp, and 7.5% insect was possible to obtain egg-free sponge cake.	[122]
Beverage	Fermented plant-based drink		Fermentation: Lactobacillus fermentum, Lb. plantarum, and Bifidobacterium bifidum.	Hemp seed based probiotic drink showed a strong prebiotic activity and bioactive compound improvementAcetate, propionate, and butyrate contained in hemp seed functioned to select the growth of beneficial microbes.	[123]
Feed	Dietary hemp seed diet rich in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) for sows			Hemp diet positively influence the activities of antioxidant enzymes and nitric oxide production level in sows plasma, indicating the reducing of lipid oxidation. It improved antioxidant status of lactating sows and their progeny.	[124]
	Hemp oil for pig			The hemp oil improved alpha linoleic acid in the pork	[125]
	Hemp oil and hemp omega for chicken broiler and laying hens			Chicken broiler and laying hens feed with hemp oil and hemp omega had greather total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid	[126]
	Hemp seed for alpine goats			Hemp seed increased the iron content in alpine goat blood from 33 to 67%, confirmed by high phytate content in hemp seed.	[127]