Table 4. Summary of results utilising the minimal velocity threshold prediction method.
| Study (year) | Device (Make) | Velocity variable | Exercise (modality) | Point method; loads (%1RM) | Validity | Reliability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balsalobre-Fernández et al.(2018) [28] | Smartphone app (PowerLift) | MCV | Bench press (FW) | 4; 75, 80, 85, 90 | g = 0.12 (95% CI:−0.75, 1.00), r = 0.98 (90% CI:0.97, 0.99), MAE = 5.5±9.6kg | NS |
| Balsalobre-Fernández et al.(2019) [29] | Smartphone App (MyLift) |
MCV | Leg extension (M) |
2; 40, 70 | Bilateral: d = 0.02 (95% CI:–0.69, 0.73), r = 0.96, SEE = 3.4kg Dominant: d = –0.25 (95% CI:–1.00, 0.48), r = 0.96, SEE = 2.2kg Non-dominant: d = –0.33 (95% CI:–1.17, 0.51), r = 0.88, SEE = 3.6kg |
NS |
| Balsalobre-Fernández et al. (2021) [37] |
LPT (T-Force System; Ergotech) |
MCV | Bench press (SM) | NS; 40 to 80% | Isotonic: d = 0.17, r = 0.97 MAE: 3.4±4.4 kg CO: d = 0.24, r = 0.99; MAE: 3.0±3.6 kg |
NS |
| Banyard et al.(2017) [6] | LPT (PT5A-250, Celesco Transducer Products) |
MCV | Back Squat (FW) | 5; 20, 40, 60, 80, 90 4; 20, 40, 60, 80 3; 20, 40, 60 |
5; d = 0.71 (95% CI≈0.33, 1.12), r = 0.93, SEE = 10.6kg, CV = 7.4% 4; d≈0.80 (95% CI≈0.42, 1.23), r = 0.87, SEE = 12.9kg, CV = 9.1% 3; d = 1.04(95% CI≈0.67, 1.50), r = 0.78, SEE = 17.2kg, CV = 12.8% |
5; d = –0.02, CV = 5.7%, ICC = 0.92, SEM = 8.6kg 4; d = –0.05, CV = 7.2%, ICC = 0.87, SEM = 11.1kg 3; d = –0.05, CV = 12.2%, ICC = 0.72, SEM = 16.8kg |
| Benavides-Ubric et al. (2020) [38] | LPT (T-Force System; Ergotech) |
MCV MPV PCV |
Deadlift (FW) | 11; 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80 | MCV: g = 0.14 to 0.19, r = 0.88 to 0.97, SEE = 4.8 to 8.9 kg MPV: g = 0.04 to 0.09, r = 0.90 to 0.97, SEE = 4.4 to 8.2 kg PCV: g = 0.19 to 0.21, r = 0.91 to 0.98, SEE = 4.1 to 8.0 kg |
NS |
| Caven et al. (2020) [43] | LPT (GymAware Powertool; Kinetic Performance Technology) | MCV | Bench press (FW) Squat (FW) |
Bench press: 8; 40, 45, 55, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90 2; 40, 90 Squat: 8; 20, 30, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 90 2; 20, 90 |
Bench press: 8; d = 0.10 to 0.11, r = 0.94 to 0.97 2; d = 0.32 to 0.33, r = 0.84 to 0.89 Squat: 8; d = 0.16 to 0.19, r = 0.86 to 0.95 2; d = 0.23 to 0.29, r = 0.76 to 0.93 |
NS |
| Fernandes et al. (2021) [39] | LPT (FitroDyne rotary encoder; Fitronic) |
MCV | Bench press (SM) Bent-over row (SM) |
7; 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 2a; 20, 80 2b; 20, 40 2c; 60, 80 |
Bench press: 7; d = –0.02, r = 0.8, MAE = –0.4±10.4kg 2a; d = 0.05, r = 0.87, MAE = 1.0±9.6 kg 2b; d = 0.21, r = 0.58, MAE = 4.3±19.6kg 2c; d = 0.08, r = 0.87, MAE = 1.6±9.9kg Bent-over row: 7; d = 0.34, r = 0.77, MAE = 6.4±14.1kg 2a; d = 0.56, r = 0.74, MAE = 10.3±14.5kg 2b; d = –0.14, r = 0.72, MAE = –2.4±20.8kg 2c; d = 0.50, r = 0.77, MAE = 10.1±17.0kg |
NS |
| Garcia-Ramos et al.(2018a) [9] | LPT (T-Force System, Ergotech) |
MCV MPV | Bench press CO (SM) Bench press EC (SM) |
Bench press CO MCV: 2a*; 37.8, 75.5 MPV: 2b*; 40.4, 76.7 Bench press EC MCV: 2c*; 52.1, 82.7 MPV; 2d*; 55.5, 82.9 |
2a; d = 0.02, r = 0.957, SB±RE = 0.2±3.7kg, R2 = 0.053 2b; d = 0.04, r = 0.956, SB±RE = 0.5±3.8kg, R2 = 0.082 2c; d = –0.17, r = 0.976, SB±RE = −2.3±3.1kg, R2 = 0.072 2d; d = –0.03, r = 0.977, SB±RE = –0.4±3.0kg, R2 = 0.080 |
2a; d = –0.07, CV = 4.55% (95% CI:3.60, 6.19), ICC = 0.92 (95% CI:0.84, 0.96) 2b; d = –0.03, CV = 5.11% (95% CI:4.04, 6.96), ICC = 0.90 (95% CI:0.79, 0.95) 2c; d = –0.05, CV = 3.16% (95% CI:2.50, 4.30), ICC = 0.95 (95% CI:0.89, 0.97) 2d; d = –0.08, CV = 3.05% (95% CI:2.41, 4.15), ICC = 0.95 (95% CI:0.89, 0.98) |
| Garcia-Ramos et al.(2019) [30] | LPT (T-Force System, Ergotech) |
MCV | Prone row (FW) | 4*; 48.9, 60.2, 71.3, 82.2 2*; 48.9, 82.2 |
4; d = –0.02, r = 0.926, MAPE = –0.27%, SB±RE = 0.24±5.42kg, R2 = 0.010 2; d = 0.06, r = 0.926, MAPE = 0.86%, SB±RE = −0.78±5.30kg, R2<0.001 |
4; d = –0.02, CV = 5.19 (95% CI:3.90, 7.79), ICC = 0.90 (95% CI:0.75, 0.96) 2; d = 0.11, CV = 6.89 (95% CI:5.17, 10.33), ICC = 0.81 (95% CI:0.56, 0.93) |
| Hughes et al.(2019) [36] | LPT (GymAware Powertool; Kinetic Performance Technology) | MCV | Back squat (FW) | 5; 20, 40, 60, 80, 90 4a; 20, 40, 60, 80 4b; 40, 60, 80, 90 |
5; d = −0.37, r = 0.91 to 0.95 4a; d = −0.48, r = 0.91 to 0.95 4b; d = −0.24, r = 0.91 to 0.95 |
5; d = −0.05 (95% CI:−0.67, 0.57), CV = 5.0% (95% CI:3.9, 7.0), ICC = 0.92 (95% CI:0.82, 0.97) 4a; d = −0.10 (95% CI:−0.71, 0.53), CV = 4.9% (95% CI:3.9, 7.0), ICC = 0.92 (95% CI:0.84, 0.97) 4b; d = −0.01 (95% CI:−0.63, 0.61), CV = 3.6% (95% CI:2.8, 5.1), ICC = 0.96 (95% CI:0.91, 0.98) |
| Janicijevic et al. (2021) [40] | LPT (T-Force System; Ergotech) |
MCV | Bench press (SM) | 4; 45, 60, 75, 90 4P; 45, 60, 75, 90 2; 45, 90 |
4; d = 0.09; r = 0.98 to 0.99; SEE = 2.79±2.29 (4.6 to 5.5%) kg 4P; d = 0.06, r = 0.96 to 0.97, SEE = 3.54±3.31 (≈5.3 to 5.7%) kg 2; d = 0.08, r = 0.99, SEE = 3.09±2.66 (4.7 to 5.5%) kg |
NS |
| Jiménez-Alonso et al.(2020) [31] | LPT (T-Force System, Ergotech) |
MCV | Bench press (FW) | 4; 40, 55, 70, 85 2; 40, 85 |
KR: 4; g = –0.13 (95% CI:–0.85, 0.58), r = 0.99 (95% CI:0.97, 1.00), SEE = 2.62kg (95% CI:1.90, 4.22) 2; g = –0.17 (95% CI:–0.88, 0.63), r = 0.99 (95% CI:0.97, 1.00), SEE = 2.52kg (95% CI:1.83, 4.06) CON: 4; g = –0.11 (95% CI:–0.83, 0.60), r = 0.97 (95% CI:0.92, 0.99), SEE = 4.14kg (95% CI:3.00, 6.68) 2; g = –0.09 (95% CI:–0.80, 0.63), r = 0.97 (95% CI:0.91, 0.99), SEE = 4.44kg (95% CI:3.22, 7.16) |
NS |
| Jukic et al.(2020) [18] | LPT (GymAware Powertool; Kinetic Performance Technology) | MCV | Deadlift (FW; with lifting straps [W] and without lifting straps [N]) | 5; 20, 40, 60, 80, 90 5P; 20, 40, 60, 80, 90 2; 40, 90 |
Deadlift W: 5; d = 0.37 to 0.40, r = 0.86 to 0.90, SEE = 13.2 to 15.9 kg, SB±RE = −10.8 to −13.2±12.9 to 18.5 kg 5P; d = 0.01, r = 0.80 to 0.83, SEE = 17.0 to 18.5 kg, SB±RE = −0.03 to −0.5±21.0 to 21.8 kg 2; d = 0.36 to 0.40, r = 0.89 to 0.93, SEE = 11.6 to 14.3 kg, SB±RE = −10.9 to −13.1±11.6 to 17.0 kg Deadlift N: 5P; d = 0.07 to 0.08, r = 0.92 to 0.98, SEE = 5.0 to 10.9 kg, SB±RE = −2.0 to −2.5±8.8 to 12.4 kg 5L; d = 0.00 to 0.02, r = 0.93 to 0.96, SEE = 7.5 to 10.1 kg, SB±RE = −0.1 to −0.6±8.5 to 10.0 kg 2; d = 0.11 to 0.12, r = 0.92 to 0.98, SEE = 5.7 to 10.7 kg, SB±RE = −3.3 to −3.4±7.9 to 11.4 kg |
NS |
| Lake et al.(2017) [32] | LPT (Chronojump; Boscosystem) | MPV MAV |
Deadlift (FW) | 6; 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 | MPV-70: g = −0.77 (95% CI:−1.58, 0.08), r = 0.73, MAE = 16.3kg (95% CI:9.8, 22.8) MAV-70: g = −1.20 (95% CI:−2.06, −0.33), r = 0.60, MAE = 25.5kg (95% CI:17.8, 33.1) MPV-80: g = −1.10 (95% CI:−1.96, –0.24), r = 0.84, MAE = 23.8kg (95% CI:18.8, 28.8) MAV-80: g = −1.24 (95% CI:−2.21, −0.37), r = 0.91, MAE = 27.8kg (95% CI:23.8, –31.7) |
NS |
| Loturco et al.(2016) [35] | LPT (T-Force System, Ergotech) |
MPV | Half squat (SM) | 6*; ~50, 60, 70, 80, 90, >95 | d = 0.04 to 0.16, CV = 0.30 to 0.75%, R2 = 0.9661 | NS |
| Loturco et al.(2017) [17] | LPT (T-Force System, Ergotech) |
MPV | Bench press (FW/SM) | 7*; ~40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, >95 | Bench press (FW): d = 0.05 to 0.10, CV = 0.86 to 1.37%, R2 = 0.9551 Bench press (SM): d = 0.01 to 0.07, CV = 0.82 to 1.48%, R2 = 0.9697 |
NS |
| Loturco et al.(2018) [15] | LPT (T-Force System, Ergotech) |
MCV MPV PCV |
Bent-over row (FW/SM) Prone row (FW) |
8; 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, >95 | Bent-over row (SM): MCV; d = 0.21 to 0.47, CV = 3.26 to 3.73%, R2 = 0.8902, SEE = 7.14% MPV; d = 0.14 to 0.30, CV = 2.80 to 3.71%, R2 = 0.8972, SEE = 6.91% PCV; d = 0.25 to 0.43, CV = 3.66 to 4.06%, R2 = 0.8675, SEE = 7.84% Prone row (FW): MCV; d = 0.38 to 0.75, CV = 3.46 to 3.86%, R2 = 0.9088, SEE = 6.27% MPV; d = 0.35 to 0.69, CV = 3.09 to 3.67%, R2 = 0.9013, SEE = 6.51% PCV; d = 0.53 to 1.10, CV = 3.94 to 4.83%, R2 = 0.8997, SEE = 6.56% Bent-over row (FW): MCV; d = 0.28 to 0.48, CV = 3.56 to 4.42%, R2 = 0.796, SEE = 10.03% MPV; d = 0.23 to 0.38, CV = 3.60 to 4.11%, R2 = 0.799, SEE = 9.96% PCV; d = 0.23 to 0.48, CV = 3.74 to 4.10%, R2 = 0.7863, SEE = 10.27% |
NS |
| Pérez-Castilla et al.(2019a) [42] | LPT (Real Power Pro, Globus) Smartphone app (PowerLift) |
MCV | Lat pulldown (M) Seated cable row (M) |
4*; ~40, 55, 70, 85 2*; ~40, 85 |
Lat pulldown LPT: 4; g = −0.03, r = 0.97, SEE = 4.51kg, SB±RE = −0.65±4.61kg 2; g = −0.04, r = 0.98, SEE = 4.37kg, SB±RE = −0.80±4.29kg App: 4; g = −0.05, r = 0.98, SEE = 4.29kg, SB±RE = −1.12±5.00kg 2; g = −0.08, r = 0.98, SEE = 4.30kg, SB±RE = −1.75±5.42kg Seated cable row LPT: 4; g = 0.02, r = 0.98, SEE = 3.61kg, SB±RE = 0.44±3.54kg 2; g = 0.00, r = 0.99, SEE = 3.88kg, SB±RE = −0.02±3.79kg App: 4; g = 0.09, r = 0.96, SEE = 5.12kg, SB±RE = 1.64±5.09kg 2; g = 0.06, r = 0.96, SEE = 5.44kg, SB±RE = 1.11±5.36kg |
NS |
| Pérez-Castilla et al.(2019b) [19] | LPT (T-Force System; Chronojump; Speed4Lifts) CBOD (Velowin) IMU (PUSH Band; Beast Sensor) Smartphone App (MyLift) |
MCV | Bench Press (SM) |
5; 45, 55, 65, 75, 85 2; 45, 85 |
T-force: 5; g = 0.35 (95% CI:–1.19, 0.49), r = 0.97 (95% CI:0.91, 0.99), SEE = 3.16 (95% CI:2.30, 5.20) 2; g = 0.35 (95% CI:–1.19, 0.49), r = 0.97 (95% CI:0.91, 0.99), SEE = 3.12 (95% CI:2.27, 5.13) Chronojump: 5; g = –0.13 (95% CI:–0.71, 0.97), r = 0.95 (95% CI:0.84, 0.98), SEE = 4.11 (95% CI:3.00, 6.76) 2; g = –0.08 (95% CI:–0.76, 0.91), r = 0.96 (95% CI:0.87, 0.99), SEE = 3.68 (95% CI:2.68, 6.05) Speed4Lifts: 5; g = 0.30 (95% CI:–1.14, 0.54), r = 0.97 (95% CI:0.91, 0.99), SEE = 3.02 (95% CI:2.21, 4.98) 2; g = 0.31 (95% CI:–1.15, 0.53), r = 0.97 (95% CI:0.91, 0.99), SEE = 3.13 (95% CI:2.28, 5.15) Velowin: 5; g = 0.18 (95% CI:–1.02, 0.66), r = 0.97 (95% CI:0.91, 0.99), SEE = 3.15 (95% CI:2.30, 5.18) 2; g = 0.24 (95% CI:–1.08, 0.59), r = 0.97 (95% CI:0.90, 0.99), SEE = 3.27 (95% CI:2.39, 5.38) PUSH Band: 5; g = –0.83 (95% CI:–0.04, 1.70), r = 0.94 (95% CI:0.82, 0.98), SEE = 4.45 (95% CI:3.25, 7.32) 2; g = –0.70 (95% CI:–0.16, 1.57), r = 0.93 (95% CI:0.79, 0.98), SEE = 4.80 (95% CI:3.50, 7.90) Beast Sensor: 5; g = –0.84 (95% CI:–0.04, 1.71), r = 0.68 (95% CI:0.24, 0.89), SEE = 9.44 (95% CI:6.89, 15.5) 2; g = 0.36 (95% CI:–1.20, 0.49), r = 0.50 (95% CI:–0.03, 0.81), SEE = 11.2 (95% CI:8.15, 18.4) My Lift 5; g = 0.37 (95% CI:–1.22, 0.47), r = 0.94 (95% CI:0.82, 0.98), SEE = 4.46 (95% CI:3.25, 7.33) 2; g = 0.40 (95% CI:–1.24, 0.45), r = 0.95 (95% CI:0.84, 0.98), SEE = 4.13 (95% CI:3.02, 6.80) |
NS |
| Pérez-Castilla et al.(2020) [33] | LPT (T-Force System, Ergotech) |
MCV | Bench Press (SM) | 2*; 46.4, 84.5 | Close grip: d = 0.10 to 0.22 (NS), r = 0.98, SEE = 3.0kg, R2 = 0.04, SB±RE = –3.0±3.0kg Medium grip: d = 0.10 to 0.22 (NS), r = 0.97, SEE = 3.0kg, R2 = 0.03, SB±RE = –2.0±3.0kg Wide grip: d = 0.10 to 0.22 (NS), r = 0.98, SEE = 3.0kg, R2 = 0.02, SB±RE = –1.0±3.0kg Self-selected grip: d = 0.10 to 0.22 (NS), r = 0.96, SEE = 4.0kg, R2 = 0.00, SB±RE = –2.0±4.0kg |
NS |
| Ruf et al.(2018) [34] | LPT (GymAware Powertool; Kinetic Performance Technology) |
MCV | Deadlift (FW) | 3a; 20, 40, 60 3b; 40, 60, 80 3c; 60, 80, 90 4a; 20, 40, 60, 80 4b; 40, 60, 80, 90 5; 20, 40, 60, 80, 90 |
3a; g = –0.31 to –0.27,r = –0.96 (95% CI:–0.98, –0.93) 3b; g = –0.28 to –0.14, r = –0.96 (95% CI:–0.98, –0.94) 3c; g = –0.14 to –0.13, r = –0.93 (95% CI:–0.96, –0.88) 4a; g = –0.25 to –0.20, r = –0.98 (95% CI:–0.99, –0.96) 4b; g = –0.19 to –0.13, r = –0.97 (95% CI:–0.98, –0.95) 5; g = –0.19 to –0.17, r = –0.98 (95% CI:–0.99, –0.97) |
3a; g = –0.02 (95% CI:–0.86, 0.82), CV = 1.9 to 4.4% (NS), ICC = 0.95 to 0.997 (NS), MAE = 3.4 to 7.5kg (NS) 3b; g = 0.16 (95% CI:–0.68, 0.99), CV = 1.9 to 4.4% (NS), ICC = 0.95 to 0.997 (NS), MAE = 3.4 to 7.5kg (NS) 3c; g = 0.02 (95% CI:–0.81, 0.86), CV = 1.9 to 4.4% (NS), ICC = 0.95 to 0.997 (NS), MAE = 3.4 to 7.5kg (NS) 4a; g = 0.07 (95% CI:–0.77, 0.90), CV = 1.9 to 4.4% (NS), ICC = 0.95 to 0.997 (NS), MAE = 3.4 to 7.5kg (NS) 4b; g = 0.06 (95% CI:–0.77, 0.90), CV = 1.9 to 4.4% (NS), ICC = 0.95 to 0.997 (NS), MAE = 3.4 to 7.5kg (NS) 5; g = 0.03 (95% CI:–0.80, 0.87), CV = 1.9 to 4.4% (NS), ICC = 0.95 to 0.997 (NS), MAE = 3.4 to 7.5kg (NS) |
| Thompson et al. (2021) [41] | LPT (GymAware Powertool; Kinetic Performance Technology) | MCV | Back Squat (FW) | 4; 0, 30, 50, 80 4P; 0, 30, 50, 80 7; 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 7P; 0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 |
4; d = 0.12 (95% CI:–0.66, 0.90), r = 0.99, SEE = 3.26 kg 4P; d = –0.06 (95% CI:–0.82, 0.74), r = 0.98, SEE = 1.82 kg 7; d = 0.19 (95% CI:–0.59; 0.97), r = 0.99, SEE = 3.11 kg 7P; d = 0.04 (95% CI:–0.74, 0.81), r = 0.98, SEE = 4.06 kg |
NS |
Note: Linear regression models were used unless noted otherwise. 1RM = one repetition maximum, CBOD = camera-based optoelectronic device, CI = confidence interval, CO = concentric phase only, CON = no verbal velocity performance feedback, CV = coefficient of variation, EC = eccentric to concentric phase, FW = free-weight, ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient, IMU = inertial measurement units, KR = verbal velocity performance feedback, LPT = linear position transducer, M = machine, MAE = mean absolute error, MAPE = mean absolute percentage error, MAV = mean acceleration phase velocity, MCV = mean concentric velocity, MPV = mean propulsive velocity, N = deadlift without lifting straps, NS = not specified, P = polynomial regression model, PV = peak velocity, SB±RE = systematic bias ± random error, SEE = standard error of the estimate, SEM = standard error of the measurement, SM = Smith machine, W = deadlift with lifting straps. *Individualised loads.