Table 1.

Colorectal Biomarkers Found in EVs and Their Disease Relevance

Biomarker category	Biomarker	Source	EV Isolation Method	Function in CRC*	References
Protein	GPA33	DiFi cells, human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation and FAVS	barrier function, biomarker	4,50
	EpCAM	DiFi cells, human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation and FAVS	proliferation, migration, EMT, cancer stemness	4,51
	EGFR	DiFi cells, human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation and FAVS	proliferation, invasion, metastasis	4, 52
	DPEP1	DiFi cells, human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation and FAVS	proliferation, metastasis	4, 53, 54
	CD73	DiFi cells	Ultracentrifugation and FAVS	immunosuppression, metastasis	4, 55
	CEACAM5	DiFi cells, human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation and FAVS	blocks differentiation, inhibits apoptosis	4, 56
	CD24	human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation and HiMEX	proliferation, invasion	43, 57
	Mutant KRAS	DKO-1 cells, DLD-1 cells	Ultracentrifugation	proliferation, cetuximab resistance	19, 20, 58
	Src	HT29 cells, HCT116 cells	Ultracentrifugation	proliferation, tumor formation	59
miRNA	miR-21	LS174, human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation	proliferation, invasion, 5-FU resistance	38, 60
	miR-29c	human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation	inhibits EMT, migration, invasion	39, 61
	miR-92a	human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation	proliferation, invasion migration	39, 62
	miR-126	human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation	inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration	39, 63
	miR-135b	human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation and exosome precipitation	proliferation, inhibits apoptosis, chemoresistance	64, 65
	miR-139	human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation	inhibits EMT, enhances drug sensitivity, inhibits proliferation and invasion	38, 66
	miR-141	human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation	reduces migration and metastasis	39, 67
	miR-423	human CRC plasma	Ultracentifugation	cell growth	39, 68
mRNA	Rab13	DKO-1 cells	Density-gradient ultracentrifugation	regulates sEV secretion	22
circRNA	circ-PNN	human CRC plasma	Exoquick exosome precipitation	no reported function	41
	circ_0000338	SW480 cells, HCT116 cells, human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation	5-FU resistance	42
DNA	mutant KRAS (outside surface)	human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation and exosome precipitation	production of mutant KRAS protein	35
	mutant BRAF (outside surface)	human CRC plasma	Ultracentrifugation and exosome precipitation	production of mutant BRAF protein	35

^*Functions in CRC are based on cellular function and not consequences of EV transfer