Fig. 4.

Flow patterns within continuous and disturbed cell culture conditions. Illustration of simple flow patterns utilised to induce continuous and disturbed responses within endothelial cells. Mean flow rate induced by each pattern is shown as a dashed line in all plots. Continuous, elevated flow responses can be induced by the application of laminar (a) or pulsatile (b) flow patterns in cell culture. Pulsatile flow can also be utilised to simulate disturbed conditions, by the application of pulsatile profiles at low average flow rate (c), resulting in anterograde and retrograde flow components