Table 4.
Prevalence of deficiencies at baseline (T0), after the 12-month intervention period (T12), and at 24 and 36 months of follow-up (T24, T36) for the four groups
| Serum variables | Type of MVS | n | T0 | n | T12 | n | T24 | n | T36 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin | Optimum 1.0 | 69 | 4 (5.8) | 45 | 2 (4.4) | 65 | 6 (9.2) | 46 | 3 (6.5) |
| Optimum 2.0 | 75 | 3 (4.0) | 35 | 2 (5.7) | 31 | 4 (12.9) | 22 | 4 (18.2) | |
| sMVS | 69 | 4 (5.8) | 88 | 13 (14.8) | 48 | 3 (6.3) | 39 | 4 (10.3) | |
| Non-users | - | 24 | 2 (8.3) | 31 | 1 (3.2) | 32 | 1 (3.1) | ||
| MCV | Optimum 1.0 | 68 | 1 (1.5) | 45 | 0 (0.0) | 65 | 2 (3.1) | 46 | 0 (0.0) |
| Optimum 2.0 | 75 | 1 (1.3) | 35 | 0 (0.0) | 31 | 0 (0.0) | 22 | 1 (4.5) | |
| sMVS | 68 | 2 (2.9) | 88 | 2 (2.3) | 48 | 0 (0.0) | 39 | 0 (0.0) | |
| Non-users | - | 24 | 0 (0.0) | 31 | 0 (0.0) | 32 | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Ferritin | Optimum 1.0 | 69 | 2 (2.9) | 44 | 1 (2.3) | 61 | 6 (9.8) | 42 | 5 (11.9) |
| Optimum 2.0 | 75 | 1 (1.3) | 34 | 1 (2.9) | 28 | 2 (7.1) | 20 | 2 (10.0) | |
| sMVS | 70 | 3 (4.3) | 88 | 5 (5.7) | 47 | 6 (12.8) | 38 | 5 (13.2) | |
| Non-users | - | 24 | 4 (16.7) | 32 | 5 (15.6) | 31 | 4 (12.9) | ||
| Folic acid | Optimum 1.0 | 68 | 2 (2.9) | 45 | 1 (2.2) | 63 | 1 (1.6)a | 43 | 0 (0)a |
| Optimum 2.0 | 75 | 0 (0.0) | 34 | 1 (2.9) | 29 | 1 (3.4)a,b | 19 | 1 (5.3)a,b | |
| sMVS | 69 | 4 (5.8) | 89 | 6 (6.7) | 48 | 5 (10.4)a,b | 37 | 5 (13.5)a,b | |
| Non-users | - | 24 | 4 (16.7) | 32 | 7 (21.9)b | 33 | 8 (24.2)b | ||
| Vitamin B12 | Optimum 1.0 | 67 | 1 (1.5) | 40 | 8 (20.0)a,b | 51 | 9 (17.6) | 33 | 4 (12.1) |
| Optimum 2.0 | 71 | 1 (1.4) | 29 | 1 (3.4)a | 25 | 3 (12.0) | 19 | 0 (0.0) | |
| sMVS | 70 | 0 (0.0) | 86 | 16 (18.6)a,b | 34 | 6 (17.6) | 32 | 3 (9.4) | |
| Non-users | - | 22 | 10 (45.5)b | 28 | 9 (32.1) | 24 | 5 (20.8) | ||
| Vitamin D | Optimum 1.0 | 69 | 51 (73.9)a | 44 | 3 (6.8) | 63 | 4 (6.3) | 45 | 1 (2.2)a |
| Optimum 2.0 | 75 | 29 (38.7)b | 35 | 1 (2.9) | 31 | 1 (3.2) | 19 | 5 (26.3)b | |
| sMVS | 70 | 54 (77.1)a | 87 | 9 (10.3) | 47 | 6 (12.8) | 37 | 13 (35.1)b | |
| Non-users | - | 24 | 1 (4.2) | 32 | 7 (21.9) | 31 | 10 (32.3)b | ||
| PTH1 | Optimum 1.0 | 69 | 7 (10.1)a,b | 44 | 3 (6.8) | 33 | 2 (6.1) | 44 | 1 (2.3) |
| Optimum 2.0 | 75 | 2 (2.7)b | 34 | 3 (8.8) | 30 | 2 (6.7) | 19 | 0 (0.0) | |
| sMVS | 70 | 10 (14.3)a | 88 | 7 (8.0) | 33 | 2 (6.1) | 37 | 2 (5.4) | |
| Non-users | - | 23 | 1 (4.3) | 25 | 3 (12.0) | 33 | 3 (9.1) | ||
| Calcium2 | Optimum 1.0 | 62 | 1 (1.6)a,b | 44 | 0 (0.0) | 31 | 0 (0.0) | 34 | 1 (2.9) |
| Optimum 2.0 | 66 | 6 (9.1)b | 34 | 1 (2.9) | 31 | 0 (0.0) | 20 | 0 (0.0) | |
| sMVS | 68 | 0 (0.0)a | 88 | 0 (0.0) | 28 | 1 (3.6) | 35 | 2 (5.7) | |
| Non-users | - | 23 | 0 (0.0) | 26 | 3 (11.5) | 32 | 1 (3.1) | ||
| Albumin | Optimum 1.0 | 63 | 9 (14.3) | 44 | 4 (9.1) | 31 | 5 (16.1) | 34 | 2 (5.9) |
| Optimum 2.0 | 66 | 5 (7.6) | 34 | 4 (11.8) | 31 | 0 (0.0) | 20 | 0 (0.0) | |
| sMVS | 68 | 7 (10.3) | 89 | 9 (10.1) | 28 | 2 (7.1) | 35 | 0 (0.0) | |
| Non-users | - | 23 | 0 (0.0) | 26 | 2 (7.7) | 32 | 2 (9.4) |
Data are presented as frequencies (percentages)
MVS multivitamin supplement, sMVS standard multivitamin supplement, MCV mean corpuscular volume, PTH parathyroid hormone
1Elevated PTH levels
2Corrected for albumin levels (total calcium − (0.025 × albumin) + 1)
Different letters denote significant differences between groups (P < 0.05)