Table 4.
Detailed individual characteristics of the studies included considering treatment, clinical and laboratory findings.
| Authors | Case | Comorbidities | Symptoms and findings in physical examination | Laboratory findings | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Braatz M et al. [23] | 1 | No comorbidities | Paresthesia, progressive difficulty in walking, acute paraparesis, hypoaesthesia | Protein (28.5 mg/dL), glucose (61 mg/dL) | Acyclovir for 14 days, intravenous human immunoglobulin for five days and methylprednisolone for five days |
| Reyes J et al. [24] | 1 | No comorbidities | Day 7: lymphocytes (32.2%), monocyte count (0.2x109/uL), monocyte ratio (8.2%), granulocyte count (1.4x109/uL), granulocyte ratio (59.6%), red blood cells (4.83x 106/uL), Hemoglobin (16 g/dl), Hematocrit (42.6%), MCV (88.3 fl), MCH (33p), MCHC (37.4g/dl), RDW-CV (12.4%), RDW-SD (40.2 fL), mean platelet volume (12.2 fl), platelet criterion (0.173%) and platelet distribution width (16%). | ||
| Day 9: lymphocytes (36.5%), monocyte count (0.1x109), monocyte ratio (7%), granulocyte count (cell x109), granulocyte ratio (56.5%), red blood cells (5.17x 106/uL), Hemoglobin (16.9 g/dl), Hematocrit (45.2%), MCV (87.5 fl), MCH (32.7 p), MCHC (37.4g/Dl), RDW-CV (12.3%), RDW-SD (39.3 fL), mean platelet volume (11.6 fl), platelet criterion (0.138%) and platelet distribution width (16.5%). | |||||
| Fever, headache, diarrhoea, chest pain, chills, odynophagia, myalgia, arthralgia, malaise, pruritus, low back pain, nausea, loss of appetite, sweating, 97% oxygen saturation; pulse, 88 beats per minute; respiratory rate, 20 breaths per minute; blood pressure, 130/90 mmHg; vomiting, nausea, hyperemia in the face, petechial rash and erythema | Day 11: lymphocytes (48.1%), monocyte count (0.2x109), monocyte ratio (7.6%), granulocyte count (1.4 x109), granulocyte ratio (44.3%), red blood cells (5.09 x 106/uL), hemoglobin (16.8 g/dl), hematocrit (44.7%), MCV (87.7 fl), MCH (32.9 p), MCHC (37.6 g/dl), RDW-CV (12.2%), RDW-SD (39.3 fL), mean platelet volume (12.3 fl), platelet criterion (0.147%) and platelet distribution width (16.2%). | Azithromycin, ibuprofen for four days and ivermectin. | |||
| Day 14: lymphocytes (42.4%), monocyte count (0.3x109), monocyte ratio (7.6%), granulocyte count (1.9 x109), granulocyte ratio (50%), red blood cells (4.97 x 106/uL), hemoglobin (16.3 g/dl), hematocrit (43.4%), MCV (87.3 fl), MCH (32.9 p), MCHC (37.6 g/dl), RDW-CV (12%), RDW-SD (38.4 fL), mean platelet volume (10.6 fl), platelet criterion (0.23%), platelet distribution width (16.5%), albumin (4.1 g/dL), globin (3.8 g/dL), albumin/globulin ratio (1.08), total bilirubin (0.5 mg/dL), direct bilirubin (0.1 mg/dL), indirect bilirubin (0.4 mg/dL), aspartate aminotransferase (48 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (75 U/L) and alkaline phosphatase (32 U/L). | |||||
| Agudelo R et al. [25] | 1 | No comorbidities | Fever, odynophagia, adynamia, myalgia, arthralgia, vomiting and diarrhoea | Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia | NR |
| 2 | Hypertension, obesity, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus | Fever and dyspnoea | Thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, lymphopenia and elevated transaminases | NR | |
| Bicudo N et al. [26] | 1 | NR | Sore throat, anosmia, ageusia, frontal headache, fever, dry cough, mild dyspnea without need for supplementary oxygen, SpO2 94% on room air for five days, diffuse erythematopapular rash with itching, localized in the limbs and trunk regions | Leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated D-dimer | Chloroquine, azithromycin, anticoagulation |
| Lopes R [27]. | 1 | No comorbidities | Fever, myalgia, diarrhoea, ageusia, mild dyspnea | NR | Painkillers, antipyretics |
| Salvo C et al. [28] | 1 | HIV infection | Fever, generalized body pain, dry cough | Leucopenia, HIV viral load (6400 copies per mm3), CD4 count 341 cells per mm3 | NR |
| Nakandakari et al. [29] | 1 | No comorbidites | Recurrent fever, general malaise, abundant gingival bleeding, low intermenstrual bleeding, respiratory rate 20 breaths/minute, mean arterial pressure 73.3, saturation 98% with HFNC at 2 L/min, generalized skin rash, features of old bleeding from the oral cavity, decreased vesicular murmur in the lower 2/3 of both hemithorax, pain at superficial and deep palpation in epigastrium, lower extremities skin rash type "white islands in a sea of red." | leukopenia (5.1 [103/uL]), neutropenia (25.4%), lymphocytosis(50.4%), severe thrombocytopenia (17 [103/uL]), hemoconcentration 41.9%, elevated C-reactive protein (12.5), elevated Aspartate aminotransferase (728 U/L), elevated Glutamate Aminotransferase (215 U/L) | 0.9% sodium chloride three cc/kg/hour, Ceftriaxone intravenous 1 g/12 h, Dexamethasone intravenous 4 mg at 8 am and 4 pm, Oxygen therapy high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) at 2 L/min, Fluid therapy was increased at 5 cc/kg/hour, ceftriaxone was increased to 80 mg/kg/day, HFNC was progressively withdrawn |
| Rosso et al. [30] | 1 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| 2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
| Estofolete et al. [31] | 1 | Hypertension and obesity | Fever, myalgia, headache, retroorbital pain, dry cough, sudden paresis of the right-upper member, respiratory failure, saturation 89%, respiratory rate 30 bpm, blood pressure 120/70 mmHg, heart rate 89 bpm | Hematocrit 42.7%, Leukocytosis 25.120 (cells/mm3), increased Neutrophils 82%, Lymphopenia 4%, Thrombocytopenia 48( × 103), increased C-reative protein 9.51 (mg/dl), increased AST/ALT 74/83 (U/L), increased GGT 862 (U/L), increased AP 177 (U/L), increased direct bilirrubin 0.62 (mg/dl), increased TTPa 30.5 (s), increased D Dimer 5.85 (μg/ml), increased CPK 416 (U/L), increased pO2 170.2 mmHg, increased lactate 2.7 (mmol/L), decreased HCO3 18 mmHg, decreased PH 7.22, decreased excess base -9.4 (mmol/L) | Orotracheal intubation, invasive mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs, hemodialysis, a high fraction of inspired oxygen (60-100%), high positive end-expiratory pressure (16 cmH2O), ceftriaxone, azithromycin, oseltamivir phosphate, heparin |
| Villamil-Gomez WE et al. [32] | 1 | Obesity | Flu-like symptoms, worsening fever, chills, pruritus, temperature 41°C, blood pressure 110/70 mmHg, heart rate 100 bpm, respiratory frequency 40 bpm, oxygen saturation 90-92%, BMI 31.7 kg/m2, bibasilar crackles extending to both mid pulmonary fields, arthralgia, myalgia, dorso-lumbar pain, asthenia, adynamia, dyspnea, dry cough, roseoliform maculopapular rash, scarlatiniform-like rash, "white islands in a red sea". Oral mucosa, hand and feet are not involved | leukocytosis 4.000 cel/mL, increased C-reactive protein 7 mg/L, thrombocytopenia 120.000 cel/mL, increased LDH 700 UI/L, increased ferritin 650 mcg/mL, increased D-dimer 5.175 ng/mL, increased troponin 0.8 ng/mL, increased AST 55 IU/L, increased ALT 40 IU/L | Ceftriaxone, enoxaparin 1.5 mg/kg, methylprednisolone, ipratropium bromide, isotonic crystalloid 10 mL/kg, and supplementary oxygen by nasal cannula and Continuous Positive Airway Pressure |
| Radisic M et al. [33] | 1 | No comorbidities | Asthenia, headache, joint, muscle pain, fever, sore throat, heart rate: 112 per minute, respiratory rate 20 bpm, oxygen saturation: 98%, temperature: 38 °C | Lymphocytes, thrombocytopenia, elevated transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and urea | NR |
| Rosso M et al. [41] | 1 | Tobacco use and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, headache, retro-orbital pain, aching joints, dyspnea, subfever, pruritic rash, unspecific thoracic pain; physical examination revealed: a non-blanching, generalized rash with scattered petechiae predominantly on the extremities, upper trunk and abdomen | Biomarkers: normal, acute phase reactants: normal, thrombocytopenia | Treated symptomatically |
| Quental K et al. [34] | 1 | No comorbidities | High fever, chills, severe headaches, muscle pain, arthralgia, malaise and persistent vomiting during treatment | Hemoconcentration (hematocrit 46.3%), thrombocytopenia (platelet count 147,000/mm3), high C reactive protein (18.2 mg/L), elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (92 U/L and 67 U/L, respectively) | Oral analgesics, antipyretics, intravenous hydration after malaise and persistent vomiting |
| 2 | Sedentary lifestyle, obesity, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance | Low fever, asthenia, headache, muscle pain, itchy rash on the trunk and upper members | Thrombocytopenia (135,000/mm3), high CRP levels (35 mg/L), and elevated AST/GOT (75 U/L) and ALT/GPT (75 U/L) | NR | |
| Schulte H et al. [35] | 1 | Diabetes and hypertension | Fever, myalgia, ecchymosis dyspnea (SpO2 = 95%) | Platelet (84,000/μL), Lymphocyte (2982/μL) | Analgesics |
| 2 | No comorbidities | Fever, dry cough, dyspnea, myalgia | Platelet (93,000/μL), Lymphocyte (730/μL) | Analgesics, hydration with 0.9% saline, amoxicillin-clavulanate, prophylaxis of thrombosis with compression stockings | |
| 3 | Diabetes | Dyspnea (SpO2 = 91%) | Platelet (169,000/μL), Lymphocyte (2627/μL) | Analgesics, enoxaparin 40 mg/day | |
| 4 | Hypopituitarism and adrenal insufficiency | Myalgia, ecchymosis, dyspnea | Platelet (110,000/μL), Lymphocyte (3254/μL) | Analgesics, prednisone dosage increased from 5 to 15 mg for five days | |
| 5 | Pregnancy | Retro-orbital pain, arthralgia, myalgia | Platelet (94,000/μL), Lymphocyte (1500/μL) | Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg twice a day for 1 day, chloroquine 450 mg for 1 day, enoxaparin 40 mg/day for 2 weeks, azithromycin 500 mg/day for five days, ceftriaxone 2g/day for five days | |
| 6 | No comorbidities | Fever | NR | Self-medication with ivermectin 6 mg/kg | |
| 7 | NR | Dry cough, sore throat | Platelet (191,000/μL), Lymphocyte (2200/μL) | Analgesics, hydration with 0.9% saline. | |
| 8 | No comorbidities | Myalgia, nasal congestion, dyspnea, fatigue, diarrhoea | Platelet (238,000/μL), Lymphocyte (1490/μL) | Azithromycin 500 mg for two days, self-medication with ivermectin 6 mg/kg | |
| 9 | No comorbidities | Retro-orbital pain, myalgia, fever, anosmia, diarrhoea | Platelet (180,000/μL), Lymphocyte (1561/μL) | Analgesics | |
| 10 | Pregnancy, gestational diabetes, chronic gastritis and depression | Fever, dry cough, myalgia, sore throat, nasal congestion, diarrhoea, anosmia, ageusia, pruritus | Platelet (196,000/μL), Lymphocyte (1500/μL) | Analgesics, prednisone 20 mg for five days, hydration with 0.9% saline | |
| 11 | Pituitary tumour and hypopituitarism | Fever, myalgia and fatigue dyspnea (SpO2 = 93%) | Platelet (50,000/μL), Lymphocyte (3100/μL) | Azithromycin 500 mg for five days, prednisone dosage increased from 5 to 20 mg for seven days | |
| 12 | No comorbidities | Myalgia | Platelet (169,000/μL), Lymphocyte (2327/μL) | None | |
| 13 | No comorbidities | Fever, myalgia dyspnea (SpO2 = 92%), urethral bleeding | Platelet (87,000/μL), Lymphocyte (1450/μL) | Corticoids, azithromycin 500 mg, oxygen in the first two days | |
| Valdés J et al. [36] | 1 | Gout and smoker | Fever, Polyarticular pain, Frontooccipitoparietal headache, myalgias, arthralgias, tiredness, decay, fatigue, semi-pasty diarrhoea, evening and night sweating, dry mucous membranes, low-grade jaundice, anal erythema, osteoarticular alteration, dry, non-productive cough, dorsal pain, subcrepitant rales in lung bases, pale fasciae, decreased vesicular murmur in lung bases, respiratory rate: 28 breaths/min, tachycardia: 102 beats/min, temperature 39 oC and oxygen saturation: 80%, moderate epistaxis, intense melenas, liquid diarrhoea, cough | Leukocytosis, mild anaemia (11.8 g/L), elevated serum ferritin, transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, elevated serum ferritin, transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase and leukocytosis with neutrophilia (89.3%) and lymphopenia (6.5%) | Paracetamol, fluids, physical antipyretic measures, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid |
NR: No report.