Table 2.
Subgroup analysis of mental health problems.
| Symptom | Subgroup | k | Prevalence | LLCI | ULCI | I2 | p1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | Lockdown | 0.917 | |||||
| After lockdown | 47 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 1 | ||
| Lockdown | 59 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 1 | ||
| Area | <0.001 | ||||||
| Africa | 6 | 0.66 | 0.51 | 0.81 | 0.99 | ||
| Asia | 36 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.57 | 1 | ||
| East Asia | 47 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.33 | 1 | ||
| Europe | 12 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.54 | 1 | ||
| North America | 6 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.54 | 0.99 | ||
| South America | 7 | 0.54 | 0.4 | 0.68 | 0.99 | ||
| Quality | 0.511 | ||||||
| High risk of bias | 34 | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.46 | 1 | ||
| Low risk of bias | 82 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.47 | 1 | ||
| Scale | 0.016 | ||||||
| BDI or BDI-2 | 10 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.99 | ||
| DASS-21 | 25 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 1 | ||
| HADS | 4 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.62 | 1 | ||
| PHQ2 | 4 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.93 | ||
| PHQ9 or PHQ8 | 55 | 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 1 | ||
| SDS | 13 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.99 | ||
| Anxiety | Lockdown | 0.376 | |||||
| After lockdown | 44 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 1 | ||
| Lockdown | 71 | 0.36 | 0.30 | 0.41 | 1 | ||
| Area | <0.001 | ||||||
| Africa | 5 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.98 | ||
| Asia | 40 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 1 | ||
| East Asia | 53 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.99 | ||
| Europe | 11 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.55 | 0.99 | ||
| North America | 7 | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.74 | 1 | ||
| South America | 8 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.63 | 0.94 | ||
| Quality | 0.033 | ||||||
| High risk of bias | 42 | 0.44 | 0.36 | 0.52 | 1 | ||
| Low risk of bias | 83 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 1 | ||
| Scale | <0.001 | ||||||
| BAI | 4 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.53 | 0.98 | ||
| DASS-21 | 26 | 0.39 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 1 | ||
| GAD2 | 4 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.47 | 0.96 | ||
| GAD7 | 64 | 0.42 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 1 | ||
| HADS | 5 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.65 | 0.99 | ||
| SAS | 16 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.99 | ||
| STAI | 5 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.60 | 0.98 | ||
| Stress | Lockdown | 0.265 | |||||
| After lockdown | 14 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.45 | 0.99 | ||
| Lockdown | 25 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.48 | 1 | ||
| Area | 0.102 | ||||||
| Asia | 19 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.47 | 1 | ||
| East Asia | 15 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.31 | 1 | ||
| Europe | 4 | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.80 | 0.99 | ||
| Quality | 0.216 | ||||||
| High risk of bias | 14 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.59 | 1 | ||
| Low risk of bias | 29 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 1 | ||
| Scales | 0.792 | ||||||
| DASS-21 | 24 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.43 | 1 | ||
| PSS-10 | 13 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.52 | 0.99 | ||
| PSS-14 | 6 | 0.37 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.98 | ||
| Sleep disorder | Lockdown | 0.602 | |||||
| After lockdown | 18 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.65 | 1 | ||
| Lockdown | 14 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 1 | ||
| Area | 0.204 | ||||||
| Asia | 14 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 0.61 | 0.98 | ||
| East Asia | 12 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.56 | 1 | ||
| Quality | 0.345 | ||||||
| High risk of bias | 12 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 0.75 | 1 | ||
| Low risk of bias | 22 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.99 | ||
| Scale | 0.029 | ||||||
| ISI | 5 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.52 | 0.99 | ||
| PSQI | 21 | 0.57 | 0.47 | 0.67 | 1 | ||
| Distress | Lockdown | 0.625 | |||||
| After lockdown | 12 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.69 | 0.99 | ||
| Lockdown | 9 | 0.54 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.99 | ||
| Area | 0.041 | ||||||
| Asia | 11 | 0.64 | 0.53 | 0.74 | 0.99 | ||
| East Asia | 4 | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.60 | 0.98 | ||
| Quality | 0.849 | ||||||
| High risk of bias | 6 | 0.60 | 0.43 | 0.76 | 0.98 | ||
| Low risk of bias | 19 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.66 | 0.99 | ||
| Scale | 0.417 | ||||||
| GHQ12 | 7 | 0.62 | 0.53 | 0.72 | 0.97 | ||
| K10 | 9 | 0.64 | 0.51 | 0.77 | 0.99 | ||
| K6 | 5 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.70 | 0.99 | ||
| SQR20 | 4 | 0.48 | 0.28 | 0.68 | 0.98 | ||
| PTSD | Lockdown | 0.887 | |||||
| After lockdown | 4 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.61 | 1 | ||
| Lockdown | 6 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.54 | 1 | ||
| Quality | 0.880 | ||||||
| High risk of bias | 3 | 0.33 | 0.06 | 0.60 | 1 | ||
| Low risk of bias | 10 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.49 | 1 | ||
| Scale | 0.009 | ||||||
| IES-R | 9 | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.56 | 0.99 | ||
| PCL-5 | 4 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.99 | ||
| Quality | 0.736 | ||||||
| High risk of bias | 4 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 0.95 | ||
| Low risk of bias | 9 | 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.53 | 1 | ||
| Area | 0.055 | ||||||
| Asia | 6 | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.50 | 0.99 | ||
| Europe | 6 | 0.51 | 0.42 | 0.60 | 0.99 | ||
| Suicidal ideation | Lockdown | 0.772 | |||||
| After lockdown | 8 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.96 | ||
| Lockdown | 4 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.99 | ||
| Area | 0.418 | ||||||
| East Asia | 4 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.99 | ||
| Europe | 4 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.94 |
Abbreviation: BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BDI(–II) Beck Depression Inventory(–II), DASS-21 Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21, GAD-2(–7) Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2(/–7), HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, IES-R Impact of Event Scale-Revised, ISI Insomnia Severity Index, K-6(/–10) Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6(/–10), NA not available, PCL-5 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5, PHQ-2(/–8/–9) Patient Health Questionnaire-2(/–8/–9/), PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSS–10(–14) Perceived Stress Scale–10(–14), SAS Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, SDS Self-Rating Depression Scale, SRQ-20 20-item Self-Report Questionnaire, STAI-Y State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y, GHQ12 General health questionnaire-12.
p<0.05 indicated significant difference between the subrgoups.