| Sociodemographic factor |
Female |
(Abdulghani et al., 2020; AbuDujain et al., 2021; Aftab et al., 2021; AlJhani et al., 2021; Alkhamees et al., 2020; Alkwai, 2021; Allah et al., 2021; Alotiby et al., 2021; Alrashed et al., 2021; Alshammari et al., 2021; Biswas et al., 2021; Capdevila-Gaudens et al., 2021; Çimen et al., 2021; Cockburn et al., 2022; Domínguez-González et al., 2022; Duan et al., 2022; Eleftheriou et al., 2021; Esmat et al., 2021; Essadek et al., 2022; Essangri et al., 2021; Goweda et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2021; Halperin et al., 2021; Hassnain et al., 2021; Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2021; Khurram et al., 2020; Kuman Tunçel et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2021; Lingyu et al., 2021; Menon et al., 2021; Muhammad Alfareed Zafar et al., 2020; Nakhostin-Ansari et al., 2020; Natalia and Syakurah, 2021; Ni et al., 2021; Nihmath Nisha et al., 2020; Nikas et al., 2022; Pedraz-Petrozzi et al., 2021; Pelaccia et al., 2021; Pelissier et al., 2021; Perissotto et al., 2021; Puranachaikere et al., 2021; Roka et al., 2020; Rolland et al., 2022a, Rolland et al., 2022b; Safarini et al., 2021; Saravia-Bartra et al., 2020; Seetan et al., 2021; Shrestha et al., 2021; Simic et al., 2021; Soltan et al., 2021; Teixeira et al., 2021; Toubasi et al., 2021; Vala et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2020; Yuan et al., 2021; Tian et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2020; Xing et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2021b; Zheng et al., 2021c) |
62 |
| Male |
(Chang et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2020, Xie et al., 2021; Feng et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020b; Jin et al., 2021; Ma et al., 2021) |
9 |
| Be younger |
(Abdulghani et al., 2020; AlJhani et al., 2021; Eid et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2021; Mishra et al., 2021; Muhammad Alfareed Zafar et al., 2020; Pedraz-Petrozzi et al., 2021; Rolland et al., 2022a; Seetan et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021c) |
11 |
| Be older |
(Allah et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2021; Periasamy et al., 2021; Risal et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2021a) |
6 |
| Living in rural |
(Cao et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021a; Meng et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2021a; Zhang et al., 2020c; Wang et al., 2022; Jin et al., 2021) |
9 |
| Economic instability |
(Allah et al., 2021; Cao et al., 2020; Capdevila-Gaudens et al., 2021; Çimen et al., 2021; Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2021; Khurram et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020; Nishimura et al., 2021; Puranachaikere et al., 2021; Rolland et al., 2022b; Simic et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2021; Ye et al., 2020; Jiang et al., 2020) |
14 |
| Not living home or housing stress |
(Dahanayake et al., 2021; Elhadi et al., 2020; Nikas et al., 2022; Teixeira et al., 2021) |
4 |
| Physiological factor |
Psychiatric disorders history or current psychiatric disorder |
(Aftab et al., 2021; AlJhani et al., 2021; Chootong et al., 2022; Çimen et al., 2021; Crisol-Deza et al., 2022; Domínguez-González et al., 2022; Essangri et al., 2021; Forycka et al., 2022; Guo et al., 2021; Mishra et al., 2022; Nishimura et al., 2021; Pelissier et al., 2021; Puranachaikere et al., 2021; Risal et al., 2020; Soltan et al., 2021; Teixeira et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021c; Wang et al., 2022) |
18 |
| Negative coping style |
(Lu et al., 2022; Mishra et al., 2021; Saali et al., 2021; Yuan et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2021; Xia et al., 2022; Zheng et al., 2021b) |
7 |
| Low resilience |
(Forycka et al., 2022; Saali et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2022, Zhao et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2021) |
5 |
| Education factor |
Junior student or preclinical studentsb
|
(Adhikari et al., 2021; Ali et al., 2020; AlJhani et al., 2021; Alshammari et al., 2021; Büssing et al., 2021; Capdevila-Gaudens et al., 2021; Chan et al., 2022; Chootong et al., 2022; Çimen et al., 2021; Essadek et al., 2022; Essangri et al., 2021; Goweda et al., 2020; Guse et al., 2021; Halperin et al., 2021; Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2021; Ismail et al., 2021; Kolcu and Başer Kolcu, 2021; Kostina et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2021; Lingyu et al., 2021; Natalia and Syakurah, 2021; Perissotto et al., 2021; Romic et al., 2021; Saeed and Javed, 2021; Sandoval et al., 2021; Seetan et al., 2021; Shrestha et al., 2021; Simic et al., 2021; Teixeira et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020c) |
31 |
| Senior students or clinical studentsc
|
(Elhadi et al., 2020; Hassnain et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2020; Zis et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2020) |
7 |
| 3rd year student |
(Abdulghani et al., 2020; Chang et al., 2021; Guo et al., 2021; Jin et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2020) |
5 |
| Low academic performance or heavy academic burden |
(AlJhani et al., 2021; Allah et al., 2021; Atta and Almilaibary, 2022; Bolatov et al., 2020; Capdevila-Gaudens et al., 2021; Cardoso et al., 2022; Chang et al., 2021; Esmat et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2021; Nakhostin-Ansari et al., 2020; Safa et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2022a; Yuan et al., 2021; Zhong et al., 2021; Ren et al., 2021; Feng et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2020) |
19 |
| Decreased willingness in medicine learning |
(Deng et al., 2021a; Khalafallah et al., 2021; Peng et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2022b; Tian et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2021c) |
7 |
| Being postgraduated
|
(Duan et al., 2022; Meng et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020; Xiao et al., 2020; Zhan et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2021b) |
7 |
| Fear of education or career impairment |
(Bilgi et al., 2021; Cao et al., 2020; Gruba et al., 2021; Guse et al., 2021; Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2021; Khalafallah et al., 2021; Kuman Tunçel et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2020; Saali et al., 2021; Teixeira et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2020) |
12 |
| Online learning trouble or dissatisfaction |
(Abdulghani et al., 2020; AlJhani et al., 2021; Chang et al., 2021; Dwivedi et al., 2020; Ecker et al., 2022; Forycka et al., 2022; Nikas et al., 2022; Nishimura et al., 2021; Pelissier et al., 2021; Potapova et al., 2021; Teixeira et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2021; Jin et al., 2021) |
14 |
| Clinical duties |
(Aftab et al., 2021; Alrashed et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020) |
3 |
| COVID-19 factor |
Infected with COVID-19 or symptoms of COVID-19 |
(Eleftheriou et al., 2021; Essadek et al., 2022; Kolcu and Başer Kolcu, 2021; Meng et al., 2021; Nakhostin-Ansari et al., 2020; Tahir et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020a) |
8 |
| Fear of infection with COVID-19 or health worry |
(Bilgi et al., 2021; Gruba et al., 2021; Kuman Tunçel et al., 2021; Safa et al., 2021; Saraswathi et al., 2020; Simic et al., 2021; Teixeira et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020a; Ma et al., 2021) |
12 |
| Covid-19 related worry on daily life |
(Cuschieri and Calleja Agius, 2020; Guo et al., 2021; Safa et al., 2021; Simic et al., 2021; Ren et al., 2021) |
5 |
| Negative perception of lockdown or COVID-19 |
(Abdulghani et al., 2020; Essadek et al., 2022; Kumar et al., 2020; Pelaccia et al., 2021; Saguem et al., 2021; Xiong et al., 2021) |
6 |
| Low health literacy or little knowledge of COVID-19 |
(Gao et al., 2021; Jindal et al., 2020; Muhammad Alfareed Zafar et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2021; Ye et al., 2020; Zhong et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2020) |
7 |
| High degree of focusing on COVID-19 |
(Muhammad Alfareed Zafar et al., 2020; Meng et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2021) |
6 |
| Being in high-epidemic COVID-19 area or relatives infected with COVID-19 |
(Aftab et al., 2021; Bilgi et al., 2021; Cao et al., 2020; Çimen et al., 2021; Eleftheriou et al., 2021; Essangri et al., 2021; Halperin et al., 2021; Huarcaya-Victoria et al., 2021; Kolcu and Başer Kolcu, 2021; Kuman Tunçel et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2021; Lingyu et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2022; Meng et al., 2021; Moayed et al., 2021; Risal et al., 2020; Saraswathi et al., 2020; Tahir et al., 2021; Teixeira et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021b; Zhang et al., 2021c; Zhang et al., 2020a; Zhang et al., 2020c; Ma et al., 2021) |
26 |
| Health factor |
Current health status or physical distress history |
(Capdevila-Gaudens et al., 2021; Çimen et al., 2021; Mishra et al., 2021; Natalia and Syakurah, 2021; Risal et al., 2020; Sandoval et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021b; Zhang et al., 2022; Feng et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022) |
11 |
| Lifestyle factor |
Problematic smartphone/internet use or much screen time or smartphone/internet addiction |
(Biswas et al., 2021; Dhamija et al., 2021; Goweda et al., 2020; Milasauskiene et al., 2021; Mishra et al., 2022, Mishra et al., 2021; Tahir et al., 2021; Telgote et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021a) |
10 |
| Smoking or other substance use |
(Capdevila-Gaudens et al., 2021; Cardoso et al., 2022; Gao et al., 2021; Pelissier et al., 2021; Safarini et al., 2021; Saguem et al., 2021) |
6 |
| Unhealthy lifestyle (such as irregular diet, irregular sleep, and soft-drink consumption) |
(Gao et al., 2021; Mishra et al., 2021; Shafique et al., 2021; Teixeira et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2020, Xiao et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021c; Miu and Y, 2021) |
8 |
| Low physical activity |
(Cardoso et al., 2022; Mendes et al., 2021; Menon et al., 2021; Mishra et al., 2022; Saguem et al., 2021; Souza et al., 2021; Toubasi et al., 2021; Xiao et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021c; Chen et al., 2020; Lei et al., 2021) |
11 |
| Relational factor |
Family relationship |
(Capdevila-Gaudens et al., 2021; Chang et al., 2021; Lingyu et al., 2021; Simic et al., 2021; Song et al., 2021; Ren et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022; Jiang et al., 2020; Jin et al., 2021) |
9 |
| Living alone or loneliness |
(Allah et al., 2021; Bolatov et al., 2020; Cao et al., 2020; Elhadi et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2022; Menon et al., 2021; Rolland et al., 2022a; Ren et al., 2021; Feng et al., 2021; Xia et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2021d; Zheng et al., 2021c; Chen et al., 2020) |
14 |
| Low social support |
(Al-Hasani et al., 2021; Cao et al., 2020; Capdevila-Gaudens et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2022; Pelissier et al., 2021; Puranachaikere et al., 2021; Saali et al., 2021; Zhong et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020c; Zheng et al., 2021b) |
10 |
| Predictors of response to trauma |
History of traumatic events (such as traffic accidents or sexual harassments) |
(Pelissier et al., 2021; Rolland et al., 2022b; Saali et al., 2021; Soltan et al., 2021) |
4 |
