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. 2022 Oct 27;12:18025. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-22628-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Quasi-geostrophic geopotential tendency (QG tendency) budget analysis and model experiments. Time series of the 7-day running mean QG tendency budget (units: m/day) in the ASP at 250 hPa for (a) P1 and (b) P2 periods. The solid gray line indicates the geopotential height (GPH) tendency obtained from reanalysis data. Black, red, orange, and solid blue lines indicate the QG tendency budget induced by the total forcing (F_ALL), temperature advection (F_heat), diabatic heating (F_diab), and vorticity forcing (F_vort), respectively. The shading in (a) and (b) indicates a positive vorticity forcing period. (c and d) Same as in Fig. 3a and b but for the atmospheric responses to the vorticity tendency and diabatic heating (Q1) forcings in the linear baroclinic model (LBM) experiment. These steady forcings in the LBM are derived from the daily relative vorticity tendency and Q1 over the Arctic-Siberian Plain (ASP) region from the surface level to 10 hPa with a temporal average from days − 3 to 0 (onset) during the P1 and P2 periods in (a) and (b).