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. 2022 Oct 14;9:956696. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.956696

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© 2022 Wang, Tian, Li, Li, Ibrahim, Yuan, Wang, Tang, Zhang, Wang and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Measurement method of relative cross-sectional area of paraspinal muscles. MCSA, the CSA of multifidus muscle; ECSA, the CSA of erector spinae muscle; PCSA, the CSA of psoas major muscle; VCSA, the CSA of the L4 vertebral body.