Table 1.

Comparison of results between two groups ($\overline{x}$  ± s).

	DLS group	Control group	P value
Age (years)	60.4 ± 6.4	58.4 ± 5.4	0.096
Sex (men: women)	33:42	20:33	0.479
BMI	23.6 ± 4.5	23.4 ± 4.9	0.851
Smokers (%)	15 (20%)	9 (16.7%)	0.666
DHI
L1/2	0.35 ± 0.05	0.26 ± 0.03	0.000*
L2/3	0.39 ± 0.073	0.29 ± 0.04	0.000*
L3/4	0.44 ± 0.10	0.34 ± 0.06	0.000*
L4/5	0.35 ± 0.13	0.41 ± 0.07	0.017*
Ratio of L4/5 to L3/4	0.80 ± 0.26	1.18 ± 0.15	0.000*
L5/S1	0.40 ± 0.09	0.36 ± 0.09	0.019*
Initial L4/5 DHI	0.53 ± 0.11	0.41 ± 0.07	0.000*
FJA (°)	63.95 ± 9.99	44.64 ± 7.94	0.000*
RCSA
Multifidus muscle	0.44 ± 0.12	0.58 ± 0.11	0.000*
Erector spine muscle	0.79 ± 0.18	0.90 ± 0.24	0.010*
Psoas major muscle	0.55 ± 0.20	0.71 ± 0.18	0.000*

DLS, degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis; BMI, body mass index; DHI, disc height index; FJA, Facet joint angle; CSA, Cross sectional area; RCSA, Relative cross sectional area.

The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.

*P < 0.05.