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. 2022 Oct 28;5:161. doi: 10.1038/s41746-022-00704-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 12 — When using the ICHIO algorithm, the three-dimensional surface diagram in the figure shows the two-dimensional search space of each benchmark function. The line chart shows the convergence trend of the first solution of the first dimension of each benchmark function and compares the trends of the CHIO and ICHIO algorithms.