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. 2022 Oct 28;5:161. doi: 10.1038/s41746-022-00704-8

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 13 — a ICHIO consists of a dataset sampling strategy, feature probabilities, feature scales, hyperparameters and weights. b Comparison of feature probabilities (F_m) and feature scales (C_c) for each base learner with feature subsets selected depending on the size of the relationship. c The result of feature selection. d Combination of “sampling-feature-hyperparameter-weight” and simultaneous optimization to obtain the optimal individual value after several iterations of the objective function.