Table 2.
Use of fiber and liquids (excluding coffee and tea) with other predictors as risk factors of constipation and heartburn during pregnancy.
| Constipation |
Heartburn |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Multivariable adjusted | Unadjusted | Multivariable adjusted | |||||||
| N | n | (%) | OR (95% CI | OR (95% CI) | N | n | (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Total | 673 | 171 | (25.4) | 646 | 95 | (14.7) | ||||
| Trimesters | ||||||||||
| Before pregnancy | 171 | 38 | (22.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 170 | 4 | (3.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| I trimester | 170 | 45 | (26.5) | 1.26 (0.77–2.07) | 1.09 (0.64–1.87) | 169 | 28 | (16.6) | 8.24 (2.82–24.1) | 7.96 (2.65–23.9) |
| II trimester | 134 | 39 | (29.1) | 1.44 (0.85–2.41) | 1.28 (0.73–2.23) | 109 | 26 | (23.9) | 13.0 (4.39–38.5) | 12.8 (4.20–38.8) |
| III trimester | 109 | 22 | (20.2) | 0.89 (0.49–1.60) | 0.76 (0.40–1.44) | 108 | 36 | (33.3) | 20.8 (7.12–60.5) | 22.1 (7.29–66.7) |
| After pregnancy | 89 | 27 | (30.3) | 1.52 (0.85–2.72) | 1.41 (0.76–2.58) | 90 | 1 | (1.1) | 0.47 (0.05–4.24) | 0.47 (0.05–4.30) |
| Use of fibers, g/day | ||||||||||
| Trajectory 1 (≥22 g/day) | 244 | 61 | (25.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 237 | 43 | (18.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Trajectory 2 (<22 g/day) | 428 | 109 | (25.4) | 1.24 (0.84–1.82) | 0.77 (0.45–1.30) | 408 | 51 | (12.5) | 0.75 (0.46–1.21) | 1.14 (0.59–2.21) |
| Use of liquids, dl/day | ||||||||||
| Trajectory 2 (13–27 dL/day) | 425 | 105 | (24.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 407 | 56 | (13.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Trajectory 1 (>27 dL/day) | 60 | 14 | (23.3) | 1.24 (0.70–2.21) | 1.17 (0.40–3.44) | 57 | 13 | (22.8) | 1.06 (0.50–2.22) | 2.42 (0.70–8.35) |
| Trajectory 3 (<13 dL/day) | 188 | 52 | (27.7) | 1.52 (1.04–2.21) | 0.37 (0.14–0.98) | 182 | 26 | (14.3) | 0.80 (0.48–1.34) | 1.40 (0.53–3.68) |
| Use of fibers*liquids | ||||||||||
| Trajectory 1 (≥22 g/day) *Trajectory 2 (13–27 dL/day) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Trajectory 2 (<22 g/day) *Trajectory 1 (>27 dL/day) | 1.17 (0.32–4.26) | 0.23 (0.04–1.18) | ||||||||
| Trajectory 2 (<22 g/day) *Trajectory 3 (<13 dL/day) | 5.89 (2.00–17.4) | 0.40 (0.12–1.29) | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||
| ≤35 | 580 | 141 | (24.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 558 | 85 | (15.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > 35 | 91 | 30 | (33.0) | 1.53 (0.95–2.47) | 1.95 (1.17–3.27) | 87 | 10 | (11.5) | 0.76 (0.37–1.57) | 0.74 (0.34–1.60) |
| BMI | ||||||||||
| ≤30 | 601 | 151 | (25.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 577 | 82 | (14.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > 30 | 39 | 5 | (12.8) | 0.44 (0.17–1.14) | 0.35 (0.13–0.95) | 40 | 6 | (15.0) | 0.97 (0.38–2.48) | 0.83 (0.30–2.25) |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| No | 533 | 130 | (24.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 510 | 70 | (13.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 130 | 39 | (30.0) | 1.33 (0.87–2.03) | 1.38 (0.87–2.18) | 127 | 25 | (19.7) | 1.61 (0.94–2.76) | 1.94 (1.08–3.48) |
| Primipara | ||||||||||
| No | 184 | 42 | (22.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 178 | 26 | (14.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 489 | 129 | (26.4) | 1.21 (0.81–1.81) | 1.46 (0.94–2.26) | 468 | 69 | (14.7) | 1.01 (0.60–1.69) | 0.95 (0.55–1.66) |
| Vigorous physical activity | ||||||||||
| No | 413 | 107 | (25.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 395 | 68 | (17.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 260 | 64 | (24.6) | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) | 0.83 (0.55–1.24) | 251 | 27 | (10.8) | 0.97 (0.58–1.62) | 1.11 (0.64–1.94) |
| Drink coffee | ||||||||||
| No | 271 | 79 | (29.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 263 | 47 | (17.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 402 | 92 | (22.9) | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.66 (0.45–0.98) | 383 | 48 | (12.5) | 0.79 (0.50–1.26) | 0.70 (0.42–1.16) |
| Drink tea | ||||||||||
| No | 398 | 102 | (25.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 380 | 56 | (14.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 275 | 69 | (25.1) | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) | 266 | 39 | (14.7) | 0.92 (0.58–1.47) | 0.84 (0.51–1.38) |
N = total number of times when all mothers have participated in the study during whole follow-up in 5 timepoints: before pregnancy- 1–111 trimesters, after pregnancy; n = number of times when mothers had constipation or heartburn. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model was used, with results given as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).