Table 2.

Industry Breakdown of Essential Frontline Workers, by Nativity and Immigrant Legal Status.

	All Workers	Native-born	Foreign-born	Foreign-born Breakdown
				Naturalized	Authorized	Unauthorized
Total essential frontline workers	87,312,376	70,593,073	16,719,303	7,638,429	3,924,263	5,156,611
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting, and mining	3.0	2.8	4.0	1.9	4.7	6.6
	(3.00–3.07)	(2.77–2.85)	(3.87–4.09)	(1.77–1.97)	(4.43–4.91)	(6.30–6.87)
Construction	11.5	10.5	15.8	9.3	14.6	26.4
	(11.41–11.55)	(10.39–10.53)	(15.57–15.98)	(9.03–9.48)	(14.16–14.96)	(25.85–26.86)
Manufacturing	11.5	11.5	11.4	12.0	11.2	10.6
	(11.45–11.59)	(11.47–11.62)	(11.23–11.58)	(11.78–12.28)	(10.86–11.57)	(10.28–10.99)
Wholesale trade	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.8
	(1.58–1.64)	(1.58–1.63)	(1.57–1.71)	(1.38–1.56)	(1.56–1.85)	(1.68–1.99)
Retail trade	13.2	14.1	9.2	10.5	9.2	7.3
	(13.10–13.25)	(14.04–14.20)	(9.05–9.37)	(10.25–10.72)	(8.90–9.56)	(6.99–7.59)
Transportation and warehousing, and utilities	8.0	7.9	8.3	10.2	8.5	5.5
	(7.92–8.04)	(7.83–7.96)	(8.18–8.49)	(9.92–10.39)	(8.22–8.85)	(5.22–5.75)
Information	0.7	0.8	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.3
	(0.70–0.74)	(0.76–0.80)	(0.43–0.50)	(0.55–0.67)	(0.38–0.53)	(0.19–0.31)
Finance and insurance, and real estate, and rental and leasing	1.8	1.8	1.6	2.0	1.5	1.1
	(1.76–1.82)	(1.81–1.87)	(1.51–1.64)	(1.87–2.08)	(1.34–1.62)	(0.94–1.17)
Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative, and waste management services	5.3	4.6	8.2	5.5	8.4	12.2
	(5.28–5.38)	(4.59–4.69)	(8.09–8.40)	(5.31–5.66)	(8.07–8.70)	(11.85–12.60)
Educational services, and health care and social assistance	21.8	22.3	19.8	28.9	19.4	6.5
	(21.70–21.88)	(22.17–22.37)	(19.57–20.01)	(28.59–29.29)	(18.95–19.85)	(6.26–6.83)
Arts, entertainment, and recreation, and accommodation and food services	14.1	13.8	15.5	12.2	16.2	19.7
	(14.03–14.18)	(13.71–13.87)	(15.25–15.66)	(11.98–12.49)	(15.77–16.61)	(19.21–20.12)
Other services, except public administration	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.4	1.8	2.1
	(1.75–1.80)	(1.76–1.82)	(1.64–1.79)	(1.36–1.54)	(1.62–1.92)	(1.91–2.24)
Public administration	4.5	5.1	2.0	3.4	2.1	0.0
	(4.43–4.52)	(5.01–5.11)	(1.95–2.10)	(3.24–3.52)	(1.89–2.21)	(0.00–0.00)
Military	1.2	1.4	0.4	0.7	0.3	0.0
	(1.18–1.23)	(1.37–1.43)	(0.35–0.42)	(0.60–0.72)	(0.28–0.41)	(0.00–0.00)

Note. Industry breakdown using the 2017 Census industrial classification system. Universe for workers includes all essential frontline workers who reported working in the last year. All results are population weighted and adjusted for underreporting with 95 percent confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Authors’ calculations using 2019 ACS from ipums.org.