Table 3.
Occupational Standing for Essential Frontline Workers, by Nativity and Immigrant Legal Status.
| All Workers | Native-born | Foreign-born | Foreign-born Breakdown | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naturalized | Authorized | Unauthorized | ||||
| Total essential frontline workers | 87,312,376 | 70,593,073 | 16,719,303 | 7,638,429 | 3,924,263 | 5,156,611 |
| % in quartile 1 (lowest occupation standing) | 24.8 | 22.0 | 36.6 | 23.1 | 38.4 | 55.1 |
| (24.73–24.91) | (21.91–22.10) | (36.32–36.85) | (22.75–23.40) | (37.81–38.92) | (54.56–55.70) | |
| % in quartile 2 | 39.9 | 40.4 | 38.2 | 39.7 | 39.4 | 35.2 |
| (39.84–40.06) | (40.24–40.48) | (37.96–38.50) | (39.30–40.06) | (38.80–39.91) | (34.70–35.79) | |
| % in quartile 3 | 21.0 | 22.7 | 14.0 | 19.1 | 12.5 | 7.7 |
| (20.93–21.11) | (22.60–22.80) | (13.82–14.20) | (18.79–19.40) | (12.08–12.83) | (7.40–8.01) | |
| % in quartile 4 (highest occupational standing) | 14.2 | 14.9 | 11.2 | 18.2 | 9.8 | 1.9 |
| (14.13–14.28) | (14.85–15.02) | (11.00–11.35) | (17.86–18.45) | (9.49–10.16) | (1.76–2.08) | |
Note. Universe for workers includes all essential workers expanded who reported working in the last year. All results are population weighted and adjusted for underreporting, with 95 percent confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Authors’ calculations using 2019 ACS from ipums.org. Occupations of workers are broken down into quartiles where each group includes one-quarter of total occupations, not total workers (EDSCOR90).