Table 4.
Proximity Scores for Essential Frontline Workers, by Nativity and Immigrant Legal Status.
| All Workers | Native-born | Foreign-born | Foreign-born Breakdown | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naturalized | Authorized | Unauthorized | ||||
| Total essential frontline workers | 87,312,376 | 70,593,073 | 16,719,303 | 7,638,429 | 3,924,263 | 5,156,611 |
| Mean proximity score | 68.3 | 68.4 | 67.8 | 69.7 | 67.2 | 65.5 |
| (68.26–68.33) | (68.38–68.45) | (67.72–67.90) | (69.55–69.80) | (66.99–67.34) | (65.37–65.70) | |
| Mean proximity score, occupational standing quartile 1 | 61.7 | 61.9 | 61.1 | 59.9 | 60.2 | 62.2 |
| (61.61–61.74) | (61.84–61.98) | (60.94–61.22) | (59.70–60.17) | (59.92–60.47) | (62.02–62.48) | |
| Mean proximity score, occupational standing quartile 2 | 69.7 | 69.4 | 70.8 | 71.3 | 71.1 | 69.8 |
| (69.64–69.73) | (69.38–69.48) | (70.71–70.95) | (71.11–71.44) | (70.91–71.38) | (69.58–70.06) | |
| Mean proximity score, occupational standing quartile 3 | 69.1 | 69.0 | 69.9 | 70.3 | 69.0 | 69.3 |
| (69.04–69.17) | (68.93–69.06) | (69.67–70.06) | (70.08–70.57) | (68.56–69.39) | (68.75–69.78) | |
| Mean proximity score, occupational standing quartile 4 | 78.2 | 78.2 | 78.6 | 79.6 | 77.9 | 66.3 |
| (78.14–78.31) | (78.07–78.25) | (78.32–78.80) | (79.37–79.90) | (77.32–78.43) | (64.98–67.60) | |
Note. Universe for workers includes all essential workers expanded who reported working in the last year. All results are population weighted and adjusted for underreporting with 95 percent confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Authors’ calculations using 2019 ACS from ipums.org. Occupations of workers are broken down into quartiles with each group including approximately one-quarter of total occupations, not total workers (EDSCOR90). Proximity scores based on survey question: “To what extent does this job require the worker to perform job tasks in close proximity to other people?” with responses tallied and averaged at the 6-digit SOC level.