Table 6.
Health and Economic Vulnerability for Essential Frontline Workers, by Nativity and Immigrant Legal Status.
| All Workers | Native-born | Foreign-born | Foreign-born Breakdown | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naturalized | Authorized | Unauthorized | ||||
| Total essential frontline workers | 87,312,376 | 70,593,073 | 16,719,303 | 7,638,429 | 3,924,263 | 5,156,611 |
| Has any health insurance (%) | 84.7 | 87.8 | 71.6 | 88.1 | 77.1 | 43.1 |
| (84.65–84.80) | (87.75–87.91) | (71.38–71.88) | (87.83–88.33) | (76.60–77.56) | (42.55–43.69) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 1 | 74.4 | 81.2 | 57.1 | 82.0 | 70.6 | 34.7 |
| (74.16–74.56) | (81.02–81.41) | (56.65–57.62) | (81.39–82.68) | (69.74–71.47) | (33.93–35.44) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 2 | 83.6 | 85.8 | 73.8 | 86.5 | 77.7 | 49.4 |
| (83.42–83.68) | (85.64–85.91) | (73.37–74.17) | (86.09–86.94) | (76.90–78.41) | (48.40–50.31) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 3 | 90.3 | 91.2 | 84.3 | 90.3 | 83.1 | 64.1 |
| (90.15–90.43) | (91.03–91.31) | (83.82–84.84) | (89.79–90.82) | (81.94–84.24) | (62.24–65.93) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 4 | 96.6 | 97.0 | 94.9 | 96.4 | 91.7 | 86.6 |
| (96.55–96.75) | (96.85–97.06) | (94.61–95.26) | (96.13–96.76) | (90.76–92.63) | (84.16–89.04) | |
| Below poverty line (%) | 8.1 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 5.5 | 10.6 | 13.4 |
| (8.01–8.13) | (7.75–7.88) | (8.98–9.30) | (5.29–5.64) | (10.27–10.99) | (13.06–13.84) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 1 | 11.3 | 10.7 | 12.7 | 6.8 | 13.5 | 15.8 |
| (11.13–11.42) | (10.55–10.87) | (12.33–12.99) | (6.38–7.23) | (12.85–14.18) | (15.22–16.38) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 2 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 7.4 | 10.6 | 11.4 |
| (9.71–9.92) | (9.81–10.05) | (9.04–9.57) | (7.05–7.70) | (10.00–11.14) | (10.83–12.04) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 3 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 8.2 | 7.6 |
| (5.36–5.58) | (5.37–5.59) | (5.09–5.73) | (3.58–4.26) | (7.30–9.03) | (6.55–8.58) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 4 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 6.4 |
| (1.78–1.93) | (1.77–1.93) | (1.68–2.09) | (1.06–1.44) | (2.41–3.57) | (4.65–8.16) | |
| Below 150% of poverty line (%) | 15.3 | 14.3 | 19.4 | 12.3 | 22.1 | 27.8 |
| (15.18–15.34) | (14.17–14.34) | (19.19–19.64) | (12.06–12.57) | (21.66–22.62) | (27.33–28.36) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 1 | 21.4 | 19.2 | 26.5 | 16.4 | 28.2 | 31.9 |
| (21.17–21.55) | (19.04–19.45) | (26.11–26.98) | (15.76–17.01) | (27.38–29.12) | (31.16–32.64) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 2 | 18.4 | 18.0 | 20.2 | 16.1 | 22.5 | 24.9 |
| (18.24–18.51) | (17.81–18.11) | (19.83–20.56) | (15.68–16.60) | (21.77–23.32) | (24.11–25.75) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 3 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 11.5 | 8.7 | 15.3 | 17.3 |
| (10.49–10.79) | (10.36–10.66) | (11.06–11.97) | (8.19–9.17) | (14.20–16.47) | (15.82–18.72) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 5.6 | 7.7 |
| (3.29–3.49) | (3.25–3.46) | (3.31–3.86) | (2.46–3.02) | (4.81–6.37) | (5.75–9.56) | |
Note. Universe for workers includes all essential frontline workers who reported working in the last year. All results are population weighted and adjusted for underreporting. 95 percent confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Authors’ calculations using 2019 ACS from ipums.org. Occupations of workers are broken down into quartiles with each group including approximately one-quarter of total occupations, not total workers (EDSCOR90).