Table 7.
Household Characteristics of Essential Frontline Workers, by Nativity and Immigrant Legal Status.
| All Workers | Native-born | Foreign-born | Foreign-born Breakdown | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naturalized | Authorized | Unauthorized | ||||
| Total essential workers | 87,312,376 | 70,593,073 | 16,719,303 | 7,638,429 | 3,924,263 | 5,156,611 |
| Any other frontline essential worker in hh (%) | 48.3 | 45.8 | 58.5 | 53.9 | 57.3 | 66.3 |
| (48.16–48.38) | (45.73–45.96) | (58.24–58.79) | (53.51–54.28) | (56.76–57.88) | (65.73–66.82) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 1 | 52.3 | 47.8 | 63.5 | 59.5 | 61.3 | 67.1 |
| (52.04–52.49) | (47.55–48.06) | (63.00–63.95) | (58.71–60.37) | (60.34–62.18) | (66.32–67.81) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 2 | 49.9 | 47.7 | 60.0 | 55.8 | 59.4 | 67.7 |
| (49.77–50.12) | (47.46–47.84) | (59.61–60.49) | (55.19–56.42) | (58.46–60.25) | (66.78–68.56) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 3 | 46.3 | 45.3 | 53.5 | 52.2 | 51.4 | 60.6 |
| (46.09–46.56) | (45.03–45.52) | (52.76–54.17) | (51.33–53.07) | (49.83–52.89) | (58.77–62.52) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 4 | 41.4 | 40.8 | 44.3 | 45.2 | 42.0 | 40.6 |
| (41.08–41.63) | (40.53–41.12) | (43.58–45.06) | (44.37–46.07) | (40.36–43.71) | (37.12–44.15) | |
| Overcrowded (> 2 people per bedroom) (%) | 6.8 | 4.6 | 15.9 | 10.4 | 18.0 | 22.5 |
| (6.77–6.88) | (4.59–4.70) | (15.68–16.09) | (10.12–10.59) | (17.51–18.41) | (22.01–22.97) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 1 | 10.2 | 6.1 | 20.1 | 13.0 | 21.1 | 24.0 |
| (10.04–10.32) | (6.00–6.25) | (19.74–20.54) | (12.40–13.54) | (20.33–21.95) | (23.33–24.69) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 2 | 7.3 | 5.2 | 16.4 | 11.8 | 18.7 | 22.0 |
| (7.22–7.41) | (5.13–5.31) | (16.06–16.74) | (11.43–12.23) | (18.00–19.46) | (21.21–22.79) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 3 | 4.8 | 3.8 | 11.4 | 9.3 | 13.0 | 17.0 |
| (4.71–4.92) | (3.74–3.94) | (10.95–11.85) | (8.84–9.85) | (11.91–14.04) | (15.55–18.44) | |
| Occupational standing quartile 4 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 5.1 | 9.1 | 9.7 |
| (2.85–3.04) | (2.28–2.46) | (5.79–6.50) | (4.70–5.45) | (8.09–10.05) | (7.61–11.86) | |
Note. Universe for workers includes all essential frontline workers who reported working in the last year. All results are population weighted and adjusted for underreporting with 95 percent confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Authors’ calculations using 2019 ACS from ipums.org. Occupations of workers are broken down into quartiles with each group including approximately one-quarter of total occupations, not total workers (EDSCOR90).