Table A1.
Essential Workers Using Different Definitions.
| All Workers | Native-born | Foreign-born | Foreign-born Breakdown | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naturalized | Authorized | Unauthorized | ||||
| Total population | 328,941,635 | 283,451,479 | 45,490,156 | 23,024,064 | 12,117,209 | 10,348,883 |
| Total workers | 174,638,559 | 144,986,115 | 29,652,443 | 15,036,871 | 7,265,679 | 7,349,893 |
| Essential frontline no shutdown (March 2020) | ||||||
| Total essential workers | 64,802,784 | 52,366,594 | 12,436,190 | 5,699,216 | 2,852,868 | 3,884,106 |
| Percent workers essential | 37.1% | 36.1% | 41.9% | 37.9% | 39.3% | 52.8% |
| Essential frontline (March 2020) | ||||||
| Total essential workers | 82,514,059 | 66,426,324 | 16,087,735 | 7,278,314 | 3,731,941 | 5,077,480 |
| Percent workers essential | 47.2% | 45.8% | 54.3% | 48.4% | 51.4% | 69.1% |
| Essential frontline (December 2020) | ||||||
| Total essential workers | 87,312,376 | 70,593,073 | 16,719,303 | 7,638,429 | 3,924,263 | 5,156,611 |
| Percent workers essential | 50.0% | 48.7% | 56.4% | 50.8% | 54.0% | 70.2% |
| Blau, Koebe and Meyerhofer (2021) Essential frontline no shutdown | ||||||
| Total essential workers | 62,342,422 | 50,184,164 | 12,158,258 | 5,496,841 | 2,805,056 | 3,856,361 |
| Percent workers essential | 35.7% | 34.6% | 41.0% | 36.6% | 38.6% | 52.5% |
| Blau, Koebe and Meyerhofer (2021) Essential frontline | ||||||
| Total essential workers | 78,339,454 | 62,863,155 | 15,476,299 | 6,890,924 | 3,607,579 | 4,977,796 |
| Percent workers essential | 44.9% | 43.4% | 52.2% | 45.8% | 49.7% | 67.7% |
| Blau, Koebe and Meyerhofer (2021) Essential frontline expanded | ||||||
| Total essential workers | 83,110,924 | 67,015,297 | 16,095,627 | 7,247,821 | 3,792,395 | 5,055,411 |
| Percent workers essential | 47.6% | 46.2% | 54.3% | 48.2% | 52.2% | 68.8% |
| Kerwin and Warren (2020) | ||||||
| Total essential workers | 77,888,627 | 62,575,106 | 15,313,521 | 6,919,138 | 3,577,966 | 4,816,417 |
| Percent workers essential | 44.6% | 43.2% | 51.6% | 46.0% | 49.2% | 65.5% |
| Kearney and Pardue (2020) | ||||||
| Total essential workers | 64,590,723 | 52,292,200 | 12,298,523 | 5,888,367 | 2,865,099 | 3,545,057 |
| Percent workers essential | 37.0% | 36.1% | 41.5% | 39.2% | 39.4% | 48.2% |
Note. Universe for workers includes all persons 16 years or older who reported working in the last year. All results are population weighted and adjusted for underreporting with 95 percent confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Authors’ calculations using 2019 ACS from ipums.org. Essential Frontline No Shutdown (March 2020), Essential Frontline (March 2020), and Essential Frontline (December 2020) are authors’ estimates using 6-digit SOC codes rather than the 2-digit SOC codes used in Blau, Koebe and Meyerhofer (2021) to identify the feasibility of working remotely.