. 2022 Oct 27;140(12):1181–1192. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.4394

Table 3. Incidence of Dry Eye Results.

Source	Etiology (DED and/or MGD)	Measurement method: components contributing to diagnostic standards	Diagnostic standards	Incidence denominator	Incidence numerator	Incidence, % (95% CI)	Cumulative incidence or incidence rate (period of data collection)	Cumulative incidence normalized to 5-y incidence	Characteristics used to stratify incidence or report an association	Annual incidence, %	Overall risk of bias
Chi et al,³⁷ 2012	DED	Relevant ICD codes^a	ICD-9 codes	NR	NR	23.3 (NR)	Cumulative incidence (1994-2008, 15 y)	7.8%	Year of incidence estimate (annual incidence)^b; NR^c; NR^d	1994: 1.17; 1995: 1.21; 1996: 1.24; 1997: 1.33; 1998: 1.35; 1999: 1.35; 2000: 1.40; 2001: 1.49; 2002: 1.58; 2003: 1.59; 2004: 1.62; 2005: 1.63; 2006: 2.11; 2007: 1.81; 2008: 1.83^e	H
Dana et al,³² 2019	DED	Relevant ICD codes^f; CPT codes for procedures and prescriptions^g; prescription fills^h	(1) Overall DED	(1) NRⁱ	(1) 58 126^j	(1) NR	Cumulative incidence (2008-2012, 5 y)	3.5% (All ages); 0.96% (18-39 y); 2.60% (40-49 y); 6.48% (≥50 y)	Age, sex, year of incidence estimate (annual incidence)^b; NR^c; NR^d	All ages: 2008: 0.55; 2009: 0.61; 2010: 0.68; 2011: 0.74; 2012: 0.87	M
			(2) Unspecified DED^k	(2) NRⁱ	(2) 32 341^j	(2) NR				18-39 y: 2008: 0.15; 2009: 0.17; 2010: 0.18; 2011: 0.20; 2012: 0.26
			(3) Specified DED^l	(3) NRⁱ	(3) 2705^j	(3) NR				40-49 y: 2008: 0.42; 2009: 0.46; 2010: 0.51; 2011: 0.56; 2012: 0.65
			(4) Sjögren-type DED^m	(4) NRⁱ	(4) 1716^j	(4) NR				≥50 y: 2008: 1.03; 2009: 1.15; 2010: 1.28; 2011: 1.40; 2012: 1.62

Abbreviations: CPT, Current Procedural Terminology; DED, dry eye disease; H, high; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; M, moderate; NR, not reported.

^{^a}

ICD-9 codes 375.15 or 370.20 or 370.21 or 370.33 or 370.34 or 372.53 or 710.2.

^{^b}

Stratified by characteristic.

^{^c}

Characteristic included in univariate analysis.

^{^d}

Characteristic included in multivariate analysis.

^{^e}

Extracted using an online graph digitizer.

^{^f}

Driving indicators: 370.33, keratoconjunctivitis sicca; 370.34, exposure keratoconjunctivitis; 372.53, conjunctival xerosis; 375.15, tear film insufficiency, unspecified; 710.20, sicca syndrome, Sjögren; nondriving indicators: 370.20, superficial keratoconjunctivitis; 370.21, punctate keratitis; 714.0, rheumatoid arthritis; 695.4, discoid lupus erythematosus; 710.0, systemic lupus erythematosus; 373.34, discoid lupus erythematosus of eyelid.

^{^g}

Driving indicators: 68 760, closure of the lacrimal punctum (by thermocauterization, ligation, or laser surgery); 68 761, punctal plugs; 09.91, obliteration of lacrimal punctum.

^{^h}

Driving indicator: restasis prescription fill for cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.

^ⁱ

Reported as approximately 7.4 million.

^{^j}

2012 Annual incidence numerator.

^{^k}

Using ICD-9 codes 375.15 and 370.33, at least 1 of each or 2 of the same.

^{^l}

Using ICD-9 codes nondriving indicators 370.21 and 370.20, at least 1 of 370.21 or 370.20 and 1 driving indicator (375.15 or 370.33).

^{^m}

Using ICD-9 codes driving indicator 710.2, at least 2 of 710.2 or 1 of 710.2 and 1 driving indicator (375.15 or 370.33).