Table 2.

Food group consumption according to the NOVA classification and macronutrients and alcohol consumption by 23–25-year old participants (2002/2004) of the 1978/1979 Ribeirão Preto birth cohort study (São Paulo, Brazil).

Energy/Food group/		All (n = 1,021)		Male (n = 481)		Female (n = 540)		p-value*
Macronutrients		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Total dietary energy intake	Kcal	2,254.1	692.8	2,457.0	702.1	2,073.3	632.2	< 0.001
Total consumption (in grams)	Grams/day	2,165.5	744.1	2,329.4	732.8	2,019.5	724.0	< 0.001
Ultra-processed foods	Diet Kcal	877.1	426.2	912.6	441.4	845.5	409.9	0.011
	% TDEI	38.1	11.3	36.1	10.9	39.9	11.3	< 0.001
	Grams/day	813.3	583.9	855.5	561.9	775.8	600.9	0.029
	% Grams/day	35.8	15.3	35.3	14.7	36.3	15.8	0.281
Processed foods	Diet Kcal	241.7	140.6	283.3	143.9	204.6	126.7	< 0.001
	% TDEI	10.8	5.3	11.7	5.2	9.9	5.2	< 0.001
	Grams/day	154.9	145.7	202.2	156.5	112.7	120.8	< 0.001
	% Grams/day	7.2	5.7	8.9	6.1	5.6	4.8	< 0.001
Food preparationsa	Diet Kcal	1,132.5	385.1	1,258.7	396.6	1,020.2	337.3	< 0.001
	% TDEI	51.1	11.3	52.1	11.4	50.1	11.2	0.006
	Grams/day	1,197.3	445.6	1,271.7	460.1	1,131.1	421.8	< 0.001
	% Grams/day	57.0	15.2	55.9	14.6	58.1	15.7	0.020
Macronutrients and alcohol	Carbohydrates (g) /1000Kcal	139.8	16.4	136.8	16.0	142.6	16.2	< 0.001
	Lipids (g) /1000Kcal	28.8	5.4	29.3	5.3	28.4	5.5	0.010
	Proteins (g) /1000Kcal	42.2	7.9	43.0	7.4	41.4	8.2	0.001
	Fibers (g) /1000Kcal	11.1	2.9	10.7	2.7	11.4	3.0	< 0.001
	Alcohol (g) /1000kcal	1.8	2.6	2.5	2.8	1.2	2.2	< 0.001
	Carbohydrates**	55.9	6.5	54.7	6.4	57.0	6.5	< 0.001
	Proteins (%)**	16.9	3.2	17.2	3.0	16.6	3.3	0.001
	Lipids (%)**	25.9	4.9	26.4	4.8	25.6	4.9	0.011

TDEI, total dietary energy intake.

SD, Standard deviation.

^*Student's t-test.

^**The kilocalories from alcohol were included in the TDEI calculation, and then the final sum is not 100%.

^aGroup formed by Group 1 “Raw/minimally processed foods” plus Group 2 “Culinary ingredients”.