Fig. 5.

A schematic overview of the mechanism of anticancer effect of resveratrol against brain tumor. Resveratrol exhibits both chemopreventive (via antiproliferative, anti-metastatic, anti-invasive, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic effects) and chemotherapeutic effects (via apoptotic induction) by regulating several signaling events. In addition, it can simultaneously endorse chemo- and radio-sensitization to improve therapeutic efficacy. Red arrows indicate downstream events and red lines indicate inhibition. Akt, Protein kinase B; Bad, Bcl2 associated agonist of cell death; Bax, Bcl2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; COXs, cyclooxygenases; Cyt C, cytochrome C; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FasL, Fas ligand; HIF-α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; MAPKs, mitogen-activate protein kinases; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PI3K, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases; SPARC, secreted protein and acidic rich cysteine; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; TRAIL, Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator; uPAR, uPA receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor