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. 2022 Oct 27;19:263. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02623-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Direct injection of high-affinity anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-induced severe axonal injury. A Experimental time course. Cholera toxin subunit b (CTB)–Alexa 488 tracer was injected into the vitreous with a micro-syringe. B Representative confocal images of longitudinal optic nerve section. Axons are effectively labeled by CTB. White arrows indicate the injection site. Scale bar: 500 μm. C Representative images of CTB-labeled axons in transverse sections at 1 mm and 4 mm posterior to the IgG-injected site. Scale bar: 20 μm. D, E Quantification of CTB-labeled axons at 1 mm and 4 mm posterior to the IgG-injected site. (Intact: n = 6, Control-IgG: n = 6, AQP4-IgG: n = 6, mean ± SEM, ***p < 0.001 One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni tests). F Representative images of FluoroMyelin in transverse sections at 1 mm and 4 mm posterior to the IgG-injected site. Scale bar: 20 μm. G, H Quantification of FluoroMyelin-positive area at 1 mm and 4 mm posterior to the IgG-injected site (Intact: n = 6, Control-IgG: n = 6, AQP4-IgG: n = 6, mean ± SEM, ***p < 0.001 One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni test)