Table 2.
OR (95% CI) for suboptimal diabetes ABC management by food security and diet quality
| Food security and diet quality (HEI-2015)* | |||||
| Prevalence, % (SE) | Food secure and high diet quality | Food secure and low diet quality | Food insecure and high diet quality | Food insecure and low diet quality |
|
| HbA1c ≥7.0% | 49.8 (1.8) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.49 (1.08 to 2.07) | 1.51 (1.06 to 2.14) | 1.73 (1.26 to 2.36) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.50 (1.08 to 2.09) | 1.59 (1.08 to 2.34) | 1.76 (1.25 to 2.47) | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.52 (1.09 to 2.12) | 1.64 (1.11 to 2.42) | 1.89 (1.34 to 2.66) | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.55 (1.10 to 2.18) | 1.64 (1.11 to 2.44) | 1.92 (1.36 to 2.71) | |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.55 (1.07 to 2.24) | 1.69 (1.14 to 2.51) | 1.85 (1.23 to 2.80) | |
| HbA1c ≥8.0% | 26.1 (1.3) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.39 (0.93 to 2.07) | 2.10 (1.37 to 2.32) | 1.97 (1.30 to 2.99) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.86 to 1.94) | 1.80 (1.15 to 2.82) | 1.67 (1.07 to 2.59) | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.85 to 1.93) | 1.74 (1.08 to 2.79) | 1.61 (0.99 to 2.61) | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.30 (0.87 to 1.95) | 1.71 (1.06 to 2.75) | 1.62 (1.00 to 2.65) | |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.37 (0.91 to 2.07) | 1.83 (1.12 to 2.98) | 1.79 (1.04 to 3.08) | |
| HbA1c ≥9.0% | 14.4 (1.0) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.75 to 2.16) | 2.22 (1.40 to 3.52) | 2.10 (1.24 to 3.55) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.65 to 1.88) | 1.70 (1.07 to 2.71) | 1.58 (0.90 to 2.77) | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.66 to 1.84) | 1.56 (0.94 to 2.60) | 1.43 (0.79 to 2.59) | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.67 to 1.84) | 1.48 (0.88 to 2.47) | 1.42 (0.77 to 2.65) | |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.70 to 1.98) | 1.54 (0.92 to 2.60) | 1.47 (0.80 to 2.70) | |
| Blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg | 28.5 (1.5) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.78 to 1.56) | 1.12 (0.78 to 1.62) | 1.13 (0.80 to 1.59) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.82 to 1.71) | 1.18 (0.80 to 1.74) | 1.22 (0.84 to 1.79) | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.80 to 1.67) | 1.11 (0.75 to 1.65) | 1.16 (0.77 to 1.74) | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.80 to 1.65) | 1.12 (0.75 to 1.67) | 1.16 (0.78 to 1.74) | |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.83 to 1.77) | 1.14 (0.76 to 1.70) | 1.14 (0.74 to 1.75) | |
| Blood pressure ≥130/80 mm Hg | 52.0 (1.5) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.81 to 1.53) | 1.17 (0.76 to 1.83) | 0.97 (0.70 to 1.35) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.82 to 1.62) | 1.32 (0.86 to 2.04) | 1.01 (0.71 to 1.45) | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.80 to 1.61) | 1.17 (0.73 to 1.88) | 0.90 (0.62 to 1.31) | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.81 to 1.63) | 1.15 (0.72 to 1.83) | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.32) | |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.78 to 1.75) | 1.15 (0.74 to 1.79) | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.31) | |
| LDL-C ≥100 mg/dL | 41.8 (2.4) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.39 (0.82 to 2.36) | 1.93 (1.20 to 3.09) | 1.89 (1.15 to 3.11) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.64 to 1.97) | 1.36 (0.79 to 2.35) | 1.40 (0.78 to 2.51) | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.64 to 1.99) | 1.19 (0.69 to 2.05) | 1.25 (0.68 to 2.29) | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.59 to 1.82) | 1.11 (0.65 to 1.88) | 1.25 (0.66 to 2.34) | |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.62 to 1.62) | 0.93 (0.53 to 1.65) | 1.08 (0.52 to 2.23) | |
| LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL | 18.0 (1.7) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.63 (0.77 to 3.41) | 2.69 (1.31 to 5.52) | 1.39 (0.71 to 2.74) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.60 to 2.54) | 1.82 (0.84 to 3.94) | 1.01 (0.50 to 2.05) | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.66 to 2.45) | 1.70 (0.72 to 4.02) | 0.97 (0.42 to 2.25) | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.22 (0.65 to 2.30) | 1.65 (0.73 to 3.72) | 0.99 (0.44 to 2.22) | |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.37 (0.76 to 2.48) | 1.24 (0.61 to 2.55) | 0.77 (0.31 to 1.90) | |
| At least one elevated ABC (HbA1c ≥7.0%, BP ≥130/80 mm Hg, LDL ≥100 mg/dL) |
84.3 (2.1) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.48 to 2.39) | 2.44 (1.37 to 4.35) | 2.90 (1.24 to 6.82) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.39 to 2.09) | 1.87 (1.04 to 3.36) | 2.00 (0.82 to 4.89) | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.38 to 2.03) | 1.70 (0.96 to 3.01) | 1.87 (0.81 to 4.32) | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.37 to 2.05) | 1.67 (0.93 to 3.00) | 1.86 (0.80 to 4.34) | |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.34 to 1.90) | 1.59 (0.73 to 3.43) | 1.98 (0.72 to 5.49) | |
| At least one elevated ABC (HbA1c ≥8.0%, BP ≥140/90 mm Hg, LDL ≥130 mg/dL) |
55.0 (2.6) | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.57 to 1.80) | 2.38 (1.52 to 3.73) | 1.19 (0.78 to 1.83) | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.52 to 1.76) | 1.89 (1.18 to 3.02) | 1.08 (0.67 to 1.76) | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.52 to 1.72) | 1.75 (1.04 to 2.93) | 1.03 (0.61 to 1.76) | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.53 to 1.72) | 1.72 (1.04 to 2.86) | 1.05 (0.60 to 1.86) | |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.55 to 1.79) | 1.58 (0.87 to 2.86) | 1.05 (0.57 to 1.96) | |
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity.
Model 2: Model 1 and additionally adjusted for PIR, education, health insurance.
Model 3: Model 2 and additionally adjusted for healthcare utilization (seeing physicians in the past year, having HbA1c checked).
Model 4: Model 3 and additionally adjusted for smoking status, diabetes medication, blood pressure medication, cholesterol medication, BMI.
Boldface indicates statistical significance of p<0.05.
*Food insecurity is defined as marginal or low/very low food security; food secure is defined as full food security; low diet quality is defined as HEI-2015 score in the 1st or 2nd quartile; high diet quality is defined as HEI-2015 in the 3rd or 4th quartile.
ABC, HbA1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HEI-2015, Healthy Eating Index 2015; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PIR, poverty income ratio.