Table 2.

Mean (standard deviation) of cross-correlation coefficient and joint excursion.

		DM PN	OC	YC	DMPN-OC			OC-YC
		DM PN	OC	YC	Mean differenc e 95% CI^a	p- value^b	Partial eta Squared ^c	Mean differenc e 95% CI^a	p- value ^d	Cohen’ s d^e
Cross-correlation coefficient	Midfoot sagittal&Ankle sagittal	0.31 (0.61)	0.65 (0.52)	0.90 (0.16)	(−1.40, −0.30)	0.003^*	0.10	(−1.02, 0.02)	0.059	0.59
	Midfoot sagittal & Ankle frontal	−0.24 (0.61)	−0.58 (0.53)	−0.80 (0.20)	(0.21, 1.21)	0.006^*	0.09	(−0.21, 0.70)	0.286	0.33
	Ankle sagittal & Ankle frontal	−0.85 (0.16)	−0.93 (0.04)	−0.91 (0.09)	(0.10, 0.60)	0.007^*	0.09	(−0.31, 0.13)	0.425	0.23
Joint excursion	Midfoot sagittal	2.2 (5.8)	8.5 (8.6)	11.4 (5.4)	(−9.9, −2.8)	<0.001^*	0.15	(−7.3, 1.5)	0.192	0.40
	Ankle sagittal	12.5 (6.0)	21.3 (6.5)	23.2 (5.1)	(−12.4, −5.9)	<0.001^*	0.29	(−5.5, 1.6)	0.275	0.33
	Ankle frontal	8.8 (4.0)	10.1 (2.2)	10.3 (3.8)	(−3.0, 0.85)	0.274	0.02	(−2.0, 1.6)	0.812	0.07

^a:

Mean difference 95% confidence interval (CI) (lower bound, upper bound). The CI of the cross-correlation coefficient is based on the transformed Z-score.

^b:

Analysis of covariance controlling for age. The p-value of the cross-correlation coefficient is based on the transformed Z-score.

^c:

Partial eta squared is the effect size of DMPN-OC comparison. The effect size of the cross-correlation coefficient is calculated based on the Z-score.

^d:

Two sample t-test. The p-value of the cross-correlation coefficient is based on the transformed Z-score.

^e:

Cohen’s d is the effect size of OC-YC comparison. The effect size of the cross-correlation coefficient is calculated based on the Z-score.

Significant comparison (p<.05).

Abbreviation: DMPN, diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy; OC, older controls; YC, younger controls; CI, confidence interval.