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. 2022 Oct 14;13:905270. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.905270

Table 4.

Non-linear autoregressive distributed-lag (NARDL) equation results.

Variable Short-run coefficient SE t-statistic
FD+ 0.097*** 0.052 2.338
FD 0.046** 0.130 0.437
ΔRE −0.856*** 0.144 −7.433
ΔREE (−1) −0.529*** 0.146 −4.535
ΔGDP 0.050*** 0.015 4.237
ΔTO 0.316** 0.097 3.796
ECT (−1) −0.313*** 0.104 −3.755
Variable Long-run coefficient SE t-statistic
FD+ 0.386*** 0.136 3.539
FD 0.182* 0.543 0.418
REE −1.302*** 0.166 −9.777
GDP 0.200*** 0.088 2.837
TO 0.517 0.233 4.143
Constant 9.252 1.127 10.259
Diagnostic test
R 2 0.974
F-statistics 1546.268
Prob(F-statistics) 0.000
DW 1.630
0.000
LM 3.964
(1.256)
WaldLR 11.057
[0.0054]
WaldSR 78.748
[0.000]
ARCH 23.979
(1.466)

***, **, and * shows the level of significance at 1%, 5%, and 10%.