Table 3.
Effects of trellis systems and applied water amounts on berry skin anthocyanins of ‘cabernet sauvignon’ in Oakville, CA, USA in 2020 and 2021 a , b , c .
| Trellis | Irrigation | Trellis×Irrigation | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VSP | VSP60 | VSP80 | SH | HQ | GY | p value | 25%ETc | 50%ETc | 100%ETc | p value | |||
| 2020 | Cya | 0.02 c | 0.03 abc | 0.02 bc | 0.04 ab | 0.04 a | 0.03 abc | * | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | ns | ns |
| Peo | 0.10 b | 0.10 b | 0.11 b | 0.14 a | 0.14 a | 0.11 b | ** | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.11 | ns | ns | |
| Di-OH | 0.12 b | 0.13 b | 0.13 b | 0.18 a | 0.17 a | 0.13 b | * | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | ns | ns | |
| Del | 0.15 c | 0.18 bc | 0.18 bc | 0.31 a | 0.22 b | 0.17 bc | *** | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.18 | ns | ns | |
| Pet | 0.12 c | 0.14 bc | 0.14 bc | 0.23 a | 0.17 b | 0.13 bc | *** | 0.17 a | 0.16 ab | 0.14 b | ** | ns | |
| Mal | 0.96 b | 0.95 b | 1.01 b | 1.36 a | 1.05 b | 0.94 b | *** | 1.20 a | 1.03 b | 0.92 b | *** | ns | |
| Tri-OH | 1.23 b | 1.28 b | 1.33 b | 1.89 a | 1.44 b | 1.25 b | *** | 1.58 a | 1.40 ab | 1.23 b | *** | ns | |
| Total | 1.35 b | 1.41 b | 1.46 b | 2.06 a | 1.61 b | 1.39 b | *** | 1.72 a | 1.55 ab | 1.38 b | ** | ns | |
| 2021 | Cya | 0.02 c | 0.02 bc | 0.02 c | 0.04 a | 0.03 ab | 0.02 c | *** | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | ns | ns |
| Peo | 0.11 b | 0.11 b | 0.11 b | 0.17 a | 0.15 a | 0.10 b | *** | 0.14 a | 0.13 ab | 1.74 b | ns | ns | |
| Di-OH | 0.13 b | 0.14 b | 0.13 b | 0.21 a | 0.19 a | 0.12 b | *** | 0.16 a | 0.16 ab | 0.13 b | * | ns | |
| Del | 0.20 b | 0.23 b | 0.22 b | 0.45 a | 0.39 a | 0.19 b | *** | 4.69 | 4.46 | 3.58 | ns | ns | |
| Pet | 0.16 b | 0.19 b | 0.19 b | 0.34 a | 0.31 a | 0.16 b | *** | 0.26 a | 0.24 ab | 0.19 b | *** | ns | |
| Mal | 1.58 b | 1.67 b | 1.69 b | 2.10 a | 2.13 a | 1.55 b | *** | 1.93 a | 1.84 a | 1.58 b | *** | ns | |
| Tri-OH | 1.95 b | 2.09 b | 2.11 b | 2.89 a | 2.83 a | 1.90 b | *** | 2.51 a | 2.38 a | 1.99 b | *** | ns | |
| Total | 2.08 b | 2.22 b | 2.24 b | 3.09 a | 3.01 a | 2.02 b | *** | 2.68 a | 2.54 a | 2.12 b | *** | ns | |
Analysis of variance to compare data (p value indicated); Letters within columns indicate significant mean separation according to Tukey’s HSD test at p value< 0.1, where “.”; p value< 0.05, where “*”: p value< 0.05; “**”: p value< 0.001, “***”: p value< 0.0001.
VSP, vertical shoot positioned; VSP 60, vertical shoot positioned 60°; VSP 80, vertical shoot positioned 80°; SH, single high wire; HQ, high quadrilateral; Del, delphinidins; Cya, cyanidins; Pet, petunidins; Peo, peonidins; Mal, malvidins; Tri-OH, tri-hydroxylated anthocyanins; Di-OH, di-hydroxylated anthocyanins; ETc, crop evapotranspiration; ns, not significant.
All compounds were expressed in the unit of mg per g of berry fresh weight.