Table 4.
Effects of trellis systems and applied water amounts on berry skin flavonols of ‘cabernet sauvignon’ in Oakville, CA, USA in 2020 and 2021 a , b , c .
| Trellis | Irrigation | Trellis×Irrigation | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VSP | VSP60 | VSP80 | SH | HQ | GY | p value | 25%ETc | 50%ETc | 100%ETc | p value | |||
| Kae | 0.46 bc | 0.36 c | 0.42 bc | 0.53 ab | 0.66 a | 0.55 ab | ** | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.45 | ns | ns | |
| 2020 | Que | 4.27 b | 3.94 b | 4.29 b | 5.76 a | 6.47 a | 4.55 b | *** | 5.18 | 4.82 | 4.64 | ns | ns |
| Iso | 0.47 b | 0.42 b | 0.48 b | 0.52 ab | 0.66 a | 0.51 ab | ** | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.48 | ns | ns | |
| Di-OH | 4.74 b | 4.36 b | 4.77 b | 6.29 a | 7.12 a | 5.06 b | *** | 5.71 | 5.33 | 5.13 | ns | ns | |
| Myr | 2.40 b | 2.40 b | 2.57 b | 3.46 a | 3.17 b | 2.59 b | ** | 2.84 | 2.81 | 2.65 | ns | ns | |
| Lar | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.45 | ns | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.41 | ns | ns | |
| Syr | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.74 | ns | 0.79 | 0.72 | 0.63 | ns | ns | |
| Tri-OH | 3.49 c | 3.46 c | 3.76 bc | 4.70 a | 4.35 ab | 3.78 bc | * | 4.10 | 3.98 | 3.69 | ns | ns | |
| Total | 8.69 b | 8.18 b | 8.95 b | 11.52 a | 12.13 a | 9.38 b | *** | 10.36 | 9.80 | 9.27 | ns | ns | |
| 2021 | Kae | 0.34 b | 0.36 b | 0.40 b | 0.65 a | 0.67 a | 0.34 b | *** | 0.57 a | 0.42 b | 0.39 b | ** | ns |
| Que | 2.68 b | 2.92 b | 2.98 b | 5.16 a | 5.37 a | 2.67 b | *** | 4.40 a | 3.22 b | 3.26 b | ** | ns | |
| Iso | 0.42 b | 0.43 b | 0.45 b | 0.77 a | 0.70 a | 0.40 b | *** | 0.62 a | 0.51 ab | 0.46 b | ** | ns | |
| Di-OH | 3.09 b | 3.34 b | 3.44 b | 5.93 a | 6.07 a | 3.07 b | *** | 5.02 a | 3.74 b | 3.71 b | ** | ns | |
| Myr | 0.24 b | 2.66 b | 2.86 b | 4.00 a | 4.10 a | 2.49 b | *** | 3.53 a | 3.04 ab | 2.69 b | *** | ns | |
| Lar | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.38 | ns | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.32 | ns | ns | |
| Syr | 0.50 ab | 0.49 ab | 0.52 a | 0.40 c | 0.42 bc | 0.51 a | ** | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.46 | ns | ns | |
| Tri-OH | 3.27 b | 3.48 b | 3.76 b | 4.72 a | 4.89 a | 3.39 b | *** | 4.42 a | 3.84 b | 3.50 b | *** | ns | |
| Total | 6.71 b | 7.18 b | 7.60 b | 11.30 a | 11.63 a | 6.70 b | *** | 10.00 a | 7.99 b | 7.60b | ** | ns | |
Analysis of variance to compare data (p value indicated); Letters within columns indicate significant mean separation according to Tukey’s HSD test at p value< 0.05, where “*”: p value< 0.05; “**”: p value< 0.001, “***”: p value< 0.0001.
VSP, vertical shoot positioned; VSP 60, vertical shoot positioned 60°; VSP 80, vertical shoot positioned 80°; SH, single high wire; HQ, high quadrilateral; Myr, myricetins; Que, quercetins; Kae, kaempferols; Lar, laricetins; Iso, isorhamnetin; Syr, syringetins; Tri-OH, tri-hydroxylated flavonols; Di-OH, di-hydroxylated flavonols; ETc, crop evapotranspiration; ns, not significant.
All compounds were expressed in the unit of 10-2 mg per g of berry fresh weight.