Table 2. Predictors of Influenza Vaccination Among US Adults With Cardiovascular Disease, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, January 2011–December 2020a .
| Characteristic | Pooled model | Year fixed-effects modelb | Year–state fixed-effects modelc |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | |||
| 18–44 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 45–64 | 1.49d (1.40–1.60) | 1.49d (1.39–1.59) | 1.50d (1.41–1.61) |
| ≥65 | 2.54d (2.37–2.73) | 2.53d (2.36–2.71) | 2.58d (2.40–2.76) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1.06d (1.03–1.09) | 1.06d (1.03–1.09) | 1.06d (1.03–1.10) |
| Male | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Race | |||
| American Indian/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic | 0.87e (0.77–1.00) | 0.87e (0.76–0.99) | 0.86e (0.75–0.98) |
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 1.14 (0.93–1.41) | 1.17 (0.96–1.44) | 1.21 (0.98–1.50) |
| Black/African American, non-Hispanic | 0.73d (0.70–0.77) | 0.73d (0.69–0.77) | 0.73d (0.70–0.77) |
| Hispanic | 0.77d (0.72–0.82) | 0.77d (0.72–0.82) | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic | 0.93 (0.75–1.14) | 0.90 (0.73–1.11) | 0.91 (0.73–1.12) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 0.84d (0.77–0.92) | 0.84d (0.76–0.92) | 0.84d (0.76–0.92) |
| Education | |||
| Some high school or less | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| High school graduate | 1.07f (1.03–1.13) | 1.07f (1.02–1.13) | 1.08f (1.03–1.13) |
| Some college or technical school | 1.16d (1.10–1.22) | 1.16d (1.11–1.22) | 1.18d (1.12–1.24) |
| College graduate | 1.38d (1.31–1.46) | 1.38d (1.31–1.46) | 1.42d (1.34–1.50) |
| Annual household income, $ | |||
| <50,000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| ≥50,000 | 1.04e (1.01–1.08) | 1.04e (1.01–1.08) | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Unmarried | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) |
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 0.94d (0.91–0.97) | 0.94d (0.91–0.97) | 0.94d (0.91–0.97) |
| Diabetes | |||
| Yes | 1.29d (1.24–1.33) | 1.29d (1.25–1.33) | 1.29d (1.25–1.33) |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Obesity (body mass index >30.0) | |||
| Yes | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Cigarette use | |||
| Never | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Former | 1.15d (1.11–1.19) | 1.15d (1.11–1.19) | 1.15d (1.11–1.19) |
| Current | 0.81d (0.77–0.84) | 0.80d (0.77–0.84) | 0.79d (0.76–0.83) |
| Health insurance | |||
| Yes | 1.71d (1.59–1.84) | 1.72d (1.60–1.85) | 1.76d (1.63–1.89) |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Has a primary care provider | |||
| Yes | 1.71d (1.60–1.83) | 1.70d (1.59–1.82) | 1.71d (1.60–1.83) |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Time since most recent visit to primary care provider for routine checkup | |||
| Within last year | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 1 or 2 years | 0.65d (0.61–0.69) | 0.64d (0.60–0.68) | 0.63d (0.60–0.67) |
| >2 years | 0.54d (0.50–0.57) | 0.53d (0.50–0.56) | 0.52d (0.49–0.56) |
a
All values are adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) from a multivariate model that simultaneously estimated effects for all demographic, socioeconomic, health care, and cardiovascular disease factors listed in table.
b
Multivariate model adjusted for years as indicator variable (result not shown for years indicator).
c
Multivariate model additionally adjusted for states as indicator variable (result not shown for states indicator).
d
Significant at P < .001; determined by 2-sided z test.
e
Significant at P < .05; determined by 2-sided z test.
f
Significant at P < .01; determined by 2-sided z test.