Table 1.

Summary of Studies Providing Evidence For or Against the Neurobiological Distinction Between Fear and Anxiety

Study	Evidence For/Against Fear-Anxiety Distinction	Human/Animal	Comments
Davis et al. (5)	For	Animal (rodent)	–
Herrmann et al. (13)	For	Human	–
Somerville et al. (14)	For	Human	–
Alvarez et al. (15)	For	Human	–
McMenamin et al. (16)	For	Human	–
Buff et al. (17)	For	Human	GAD vs. HC subject study
Brinkmann et al. (18)	For	Human	PTSD vs. HC subject study
Clauss et al. (19)	For	Human	Examining participants across the social anxiety spectrum
Boehme et al. (20)	Against	Human	Did not explicitly examine fear vs. anxiety—instead, found no BNST activation difference between SAD and control subjects in anxious anticipation
Choi et al. (22)	Against	Human	Did not explicitly examine fear vs. anxiety—found BNST activation in response to immediate threat stimuli
Grupe et al. (24)	Against	Human	BNST phasic activation to brief threat
Mobbs et al. (25)	Against	Human	Showed decrease in forebrain activation in circa strike vs. postencounter but did not explicitly examine BNST
Andreatta et al. (26)	Against	Human	Sustained amygdala activation in uncertain threat context
Lieberman et al. (27)	Against	Human	Amygdala activation during unpredictable threat condition in NPU task
Chavanne and Robinson (28)	Against	Human	Meta-analysis showing significant overlap between anxiety inductions and phobic disorders
Naaz et al. (29)	Against	Human	Both amygdala and BNST show heightened response to explicit and ambiguous threat
Hur et al. (30)	Against	Human	Amygdala and BNST show indistinguishable responses to temporally uncertain and certain threat anticipation
Siminski et al. (31)	Against	Human	Both BNST and CM show activation in response to predictable and unpredictable threat

BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CM, centromedial amygdala; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; HC, healthy control; NPU, no-shock, predictable-shock, unpredictable-shock; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SAD, social anxiety disorder.